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# 2.4 Radare2 # 2.4 Radare2
- [简介](#简介)
- [安装](#安装)
- [基本使用方法](#基本使用方法)
- [在 CTF 中的运用](#在-ctf-中的运用)
## 简介
IDA Pro 昂贵的价格令很多二进制爱好者望而却步，于是在开源世界中催生出了一个新的逆向工程框架——Radare2，它拥有非常强大的功能，包括反汇编、调试、打补丁、虚拟化等等，而且可以运行在几乎所有的主流平台上（GNU/Linux、Windows、BSD、iOS、OSX……）。Radare2 开发之初仅提供了基于命令行的操作，尽管现在也有非官方的GUI，但我更喜欢直接在终端上运行它，当然这也就意味着更高陡峭的学习曲线。Radare2　是由一系列的组件构成的，这些组件赋予了 Radare2 强大的分析能力，可以在 Radare2 中或者单独被使用。
这里是 Radare2 与其他二进制分析工具的对比。（[Comparison Table](http://rada.re/r/cmp.html)）
## 安装
#### 安装
```
$ git clone https://github.com/radare/radare2.git
$ cd radare2
$ ./sys/install.sh
```
#### 更新
```
$ ./sys/install.sh
```
#### 卸载
```
$ make uninstall
$ make purge
```
## 基本使用方法
#### 小工具
Radare2 是由一些命令行小工具组成的：
- radare2：十六进制编辑器和调试器的核心。
- rabin2：从可执行二进制文件中提取信息。
- rasm2：汇编和反汇编。
- rahash2：基于块的哈希工具。
- radiff2：二进制文件或代码差异比对。
- rafind2：查找字节模式。
- ragg2：r_egg 的前端，将以简单高级语言编写的程序编译成x86、x86-64和ARM的二进制文件。
- rarun2：用于在不同环境中运行程序。
- rax2：数据格式转换。
#### radare2/r2
```
$ r2 -h
Usage: r2 [-ACdfLMnNqStuvwzX] [-P patch] [-p prj] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-i file]
[-s addr] [-B baddr] [-M maddr] [-c cmd] [-e k=v] file|pid|-|--|=
-- run radare2 without opening any file
- same as 'r2 malloc://512'
= read file from stdin (use -i and -c to run cmds)
-= perform !=! command to run all commands remotely
-0 print \x00 after init and every command
-a [arch] set asm.arch
-A run 'aaa' command to analyze all referenced code
-b [bits] set asm.bits
-B [baddr] set base address for PIE binaries
-c 'cmd..' execute radare command
-C file is host:port (alias for -c+=http://%s/cmd/)
-d debug the executable 'file' or running process 'pid'
-D [backend] enable debug mode (e cfg.debug=true)
-e k=v evaluate config var
-f block size = file size
-F [binplug] force to use that rbin plugin
-h, -hh show help message, -hh for long
-H ([var]) display variable
-i [file] run script file
-I [file] run script file before the file is opened
-k [k=v] perform sdb query into core->sdb
-l [lib] load plugin file
-L list supported IO plugins
-m [addr] map file at given address (loadaddr)
-M do not demangle symbol names
-n, -nn do not load RBin info (-nn only load bin structures)
-N do not load user settings and scripts
-o [OS/kern] set asm.os (linux, macos, w32, netbsd, ...)
-q quiet mode (no prompt) and quit after -i
-p [prj] use project, list if no arg, load if no file
-P [file] apply rapatch file and quit
-R [rarun2] specify rarun2 profile to load (same as -e dbg.profile=X)
-s [addr] initial seek
-S start r2 in sandbox mode
-t load rabin2 info in thread
-u set bin.filter=false to get raw sym/sec/cls names
-v, -V show radare2 version (-V show lib versions)
-w open file in write mode
-X [rr2rule] specify custom rarun2 directive
-z, -zz do not load strings or load them even in raw
```
#### rabin2
```
$ rabin2 -h
Usage: rabin2 [-AcdeEghHiIjlLMqrRsSvVxzZ] [-@ at] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-B addr]
[-C F:C:D] [-f str] [-m addr] [-n str] [-N m:M] [-P[-P] pdb]
[-o str] [-O str] [-k query] [-D lang symname] | file
-@ [addr] show section, symbol or import at addr
-A list sub-binaries and their arch-bits pairs
-a [arch] set arch (x86, arm, .. or <arch>_<bits>)
-b [bits] set bits (32, 64 ...)
-B [addr] override base address (pie bins)
-c list classes
-C [fmt:C:D] create [elf,mach0,pe] with Code and Data hexpairs (see -a)
-d show debug/dwarf information
-D lang name demangle symbol name (-D all for bin.demangle=true)
-e entrypoint
-E globally exportable symbols
-f [str] select sub-bin named str
-F [binfmt] force to use that bin plugin (ignore header check)
-g same as -SMZIHVResizcld (show all info)
-G [addr] load address . offset to header
-h this help message
-H header fields
-i imports (symbols imported from libraries)
-I binary info
-j output in json
-k [sdb-query] run sdb query. for example: '*'
-K [algo] calculate checksums (md5, sha1, ..)
-l linked libraries
-L [plugin] list supported bin plugins or plugin details
-m [addr] show source line at addr
-M main (show address of main symbol)
-n [str] show section, symbol or import named str
-N [min:max] force min:max number of chars per string (see -z and -zz)
-o [str] output file/folder for write operations (out by default)
-O [str] write/extract operations (-O help)
-p show physical addresses
-P show debug/pdb information
-PP download pdb file for binary
-q be quiet, just show fewer data
-qq show less info (no offset/size for -z for ex.)
-Q show load address used by dlopen (non-aslr libs)
-r radare output
-R relocations
-s symbols
-S sections
-u unfiltered (no rename duplicated symbols/sections)
-v display version and quit
-V Show binary version information
-x extract bins contained in file
-X [fmt] [f] .. package in fat or zip the given files and bins contained in file
-z strings (from data section)
-zz strings (from raw bins [e bin.rawstr=1])
-zzz dump raw strings to stdout (for huge files)
-Z guess size of binary program
```
#### rasm2
```
$ rasm2 -h
Usage: rasm2 [-ACdDehLBvw] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-o addr] [-s syntax]
[-f file] [-F fil:ter] [-i skip] [-l len] 'code'|hex|-
-a [arch] Set architecture to assemble/disassemble (see -L)
-A Show Analysis information from given hexpairs
-b [bits] Set cpu register size (8, 16, 32, 64) (RASM2_BITS)
-c [cpu] Select specific CPU (depends on arch)
-C Output in C format
-d, -D Disassemble from hexpair bytes (-D show hexpairs)
-e Use big endian instead of little endian
-E Display ESIL expression (same input as in -d)
-f [file] Read data from file
-F [in:out] Specify input and/or output filters (att2intel, x86.pseudo, ...)
-h, -hh Show this help, -hh for long
-i [len] ignore/skip N bytes of the input buffer
-k [kernel] Select operating system (linux, windows, darwin, ..)
-l [len] Input/Output length
-L List Asm plugins: (a=asm, d=disasm, A=analyze, e=ESIL)
-o [offset] Set start address for code (default 0)
-O [file] Output file name (rasm2 -Bf a.asm -O a)
-p Run SPP over input for assembly
-s [syntax] Select syntax (intel, att)
-B Binary input/output (-l is mandatory for binary input)
-v Show version information
-w What's this instruction for? describe opcode
-q quiet mode
```
#### rahash2
```
$ rahash2 -h
Usage: rahash2 [-rBhLkv] [-b S] [-a A] [-c H] [-E A] [-s S] [-f O] [-t O] [file] ...
-a algo comma separated list of algorithms (default is 'sha256')
-b bsize specify the size of the block (instead of full file)
-B show per-block hash
-c hash compare with this hash
-e swap endian (use little endian)
-E algo encrypt. Use -S to set key and -I to set IV
-D algo decrypt. Use -S to set key and -I to set IV
-f from start hashing at given address
-i num repeat hash N iterations
-I iv use give initialization vector (IV) (hexa or s:string)
-S seed use given seed (hexa or s:string) use ^ to prefix (key for -E)
(- will slurp the key from stdin, the @ prefix points to a file
-k show hash using the openssh's randomkey algorithm
-q run in quiet mode (-qq to show only the hash)
-L list all available algorithms (see -a)
-r output radare commands
-s string hash this string instead of files
-t to stop hashing at given address
-x hexstr hash this hexpair string instead of files
-v show version information
```
#### radiff2
```
$ radiff2 -h
Usage: radiff2 [-abcCdjrspOxuUvV] [-A[A]] [-g sym] [-t %] [file] [file]
-a [arch] specify architecture plugin to use (x86, arm, ..)
-A [-A] run aaa or aaaa after loading each binary (see -C)
-b [bits] specify register size for arch (16 (thumb), 32, 64, ..)
-c count of changes
-C graphdiff code (columns: off-A, match-ratio, off-B) (see -A)
-d use delta diffing
-D show disasm instead of hexpairs
-e [k=v] set eval config var value for all RCore instances
-g [sym|off1,off2] graph diff of given symbol, or between two offsets
-G [cmd] run an r2 command on every RCore instance created
-i diff imports of target files (see -u, -U and -z)
-j output in json format
-n print bare addresses only (diff.bare=1)
-O code diffing with opcode bytes only
-p use physical addressing (io.va=0)
-q quiet mode (disable colors, reduce output)
-r output in radare commands
-s compute text distance
-ss compute text distance (using levenstein algorithm)
-S [name] sort code diff (name, namelen, addr, size, type, dist) (only for -C or -g)
-t [0-100] set threshold for code diff (default is 70%)
-x show two column hexdump diffing
-u unified output (---+++)
-U unified output using system 'diff'
-v show version information
-V be verbose (current only for -s)
-z diff on extracted strings
```
#### rafind2
```
$ rafind2 -h
Usage: rafind2 [-mXnzZhv] [-a align] [-b sz] [-f/t from/to] [-[m|s|S|e] str] [-x hex] file ..
-a [align] only accept aligned hits
-b [size] set block size
-e [regex] search for regular expression string matches
-f [from] start searching from address 'from'
-h show this help
-m magic search, file-type carver
-M [str] set a binary mask to be applied on keywords
-n do not stop on read errors
-r print using radare commands
-s [str] search for a specific string (can be used multiple times)
-S [str] search for a specific wide string (can be used multiple times)
-t [to] stop search at address 'to'
-v print version and exit
-x [hex] search for hexpair string (909090) (can be used multiple times)
-X show hexdump of search results
-z search for zero-terminated strings
-Z show string found on each search hit
```
#### ragg2
```
$ ragg2 -h
Usage: ragg2 [-FOLsrxhvz] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-k os] [-o file] [-I path]
[-i sc] [-e enc] [-B hex] [-c k=v] [-C file] [-p pad] [-q off]
[-q off] [-dDw off:hex] file|f.asm|-
-a [arch] select architecture (x86, mips, arm)
-b [bits] register size (32, 64, ..)
-B [hexpairs] append some hexpair bytes
-c [k=v] set configuration options
-C [file] append contents of file
-d [off:dword] patch dword (4 bytes) at given offset
-D [off:qword] patch qword (8 bytes) at given offset
-e [encoder] use specific encoder. see -L
-f [format] output format (raw, pe, elf, mach0)
-F output native format (osx=mach0, linux=elf, ..)
-h show this help
-i [shellcode] include shellcode plugin, uses options. see -L
-I [path] add include path
-k [os] operating system's kernel (linux,bsd,osx,w32)
-L list all plugins (shellcodes and encoders)
-n [dword] append 32bit number (4 bytes)
-N [dword] append 64bit number (8 bytes)
-o [file] output file
-O use default output file (filename without extension or a.out)
-p [padding] add padding after compilation (padding=n10s32)
ntas : begin nop, trap, 'a', sequence
NTAS : same as above, but at the end
-P [size] prepend debruijn pattern
-q [fragment] debruijn pattern offset
-r show raw bytes instead of hexpairs
-s show assembler
-v show version
-w [off:hex] patch hexpairs at given offset
-x execute
-z output in C string syntax
```
#### rarun2
```
$ rarun2 -h
Usage: rarun2 -v|-t|script.rr2 [directive ..]
```
#### rax2
```
$ rax2 -h
Usage: rax2 [options] [expr ...]
=[base] ; rax2 =10 0x46 -> output in base 10
int -> hex ; rax2 10
hex -> int ; rax2 0xa
-int -> hex ; rax2 -77
-hex -> int ; rax2 0xffffffb3
int -> bin ; rax2 b30
int -> ternary ; rax2 t42
bin -> int ; rax2 1010d
float -> hex ; rax2 3.33f
hex -> float ; rax2 Fx40551ed8
oct -> hex ; rax2 35o
hex -> oct ; rax2 Ox12 (O is a letter)
bin -> hex ; rax2 1100011b
hex -> bin ; rax2 Bx63
hex -> ternary ; rax2 Tx23
raw -> hex ; rax2 -S < /binfile
hex -> raw ; rax2 -s 414141
-b bin -> str ; rax2 -b 01000101 01110110
-B str -> bin ; rax2 -B hello
-d force integer ; rax2 -d 3 -> 3 instead of 0x3
-e swap endianness ; rax2 -e 0x33
-D base64 decode ;
-E base64 encode ;
-f floating point ; rax2 -f 6.3+2.1
-F stdin slurp C hex ; rax2 -F < shellcode.c
-h help ; rax2 -h
-k keep base ; rax2 -k 33+3 -> 36
-K randomart ; rax2 -K 0x34 1020304050
-n binary number ; rax2 -n 0x1234 # 34120000
-N binary number ; rax2 -N 0x1234 # \x34\x12\x00\x00
-r r2 style output ; rax2 -r 0x1234
-s hexstr -> raw ; rax2 -s 43 4a 50
-S raw -> hexstr ; rax2 -S < /bin/ls > ls.hex
-t tstamp -> str ; rax2 -t 1234567890
-x hash string ; rax2 -x linux osx
-u units ; rax2 -u 389289238 # 317.0M
-w signed word ; rax2 -w 16 0xffff
-v version ; rax2 -v
```
## 在 CTF 中的运用
## 更多资源
- [The radare2 book](https://www.gitbook.com/book/radare/radare2book)
- [Radare2 intro](https://github.com/radare/radare2/blob/master/doc/intro.md)