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doc/2.5_radare2.md
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@ -2,7 +2,25 @@
- [简介](#简介)
- [安装](#安装)
- [基本使用方法](#基本使用方法)
- [命令行使用方法](#命令行使用方法)
- [radare2/r2](#radare2r2)
- [rabin2](#rabin2)
- [rasm2](#rasm2)
- [rahash2](#rahash2)
- [radiff2](#radiff2)
- [rafind2](#rafind2)
- [ragg2](#ragg2)
- [rarun2](#rarun2)
- [rax2](rax2)
- [交互式使用方法](#交互式使用方法)
- [分析（analyze）](#分析analysis)
- [Flags](#flags)
- [定位（seeking）](#定位seeking)
- [信息（information）](#信息（information）)
- [打印（print） & 反汇编（disassembling）](#打印print反汇编disassembling)
- [写入（write）](#写入write)
- [视图模式](#视图模式)
- [Web 界面使用](#web-界面使用)
- [在 CTF 中的运用](#在-ctf-中的运用)
@ -14,28 +32,27 @@ IDA Pro 昂贵的价格令很多二进制爱好者望而却步，于是在开源
## 安装
#### 安装
```
```bash
$ git clone https://github.com/radare/radare2.git
$ cd radare2
$ ./sys/install.sh
```
#### 更新
```
```bash
$ ./sys/install.sh
```
#### 卸载
```
```bash
$ make uninstall
$ make purge
```
## 基本使用方法
#### 小工具
Radare2 是由一些命令行小工具组成的：
- radare2：十六进制编辑器和调试器的核心。
## 命令行使用方法
Radare2 在命令行下有一些小工具可供使用：
- radare2：十六进制编辑器和调试器的核心，通常通过它进入交互式界面。
- rabin2：从可执行二进制文件中提取信息。
- rasm2：汇编和反汇编。
- rahash2：基于块的哈希工具。
@ -46,7 +63,7 @@ Radare2 是由一些命令行小工具组成的：
- rax2：数据格式转换。
#### radare2/r2
```
```text
$ r2 -h
Usage: r2 [-ACdfLMnNqStuvwzX] [-P patch] [-p prj] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-i file]
[-s addr] [-B baddr] [-M maddr] [-c cmd] [-e k=v] file|pid|-|--|=
@ -93,7 +110,7 @@ Usage: r2 [-ACdfLMnNqStuvwzX] [-P patch] [-p prj] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-i file]
```
#### rabin2
```
```text
$ rabin2 -h
Usage: rabin2 [-AcdeEghHiIjlLMqrRsSvVxzZ] [-@ at] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-B addr]
[-C F:C:D] [-f str] [-m addr] [-n str] [-N m:M] [-P[-P] pdb]
@ -151,7 +168,7 @@ Usage: rabin2 [-AcdeEghHiIjlLMqrRsSvVxzZ] [-@ at] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-B addr]
#### rasm2
```
```text
$ rasm2 -h
Usage: rasm2 [-ACdDehLBvw] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-o addr] [-s syntax]
[-f file] [-F fil:ter] [-i skip] [-l len] 'code'|hex|-
@ -181,7 +198,7 @@ Usage: rasm2 [-ACdDehLBvw] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-o addr] [-s syntax]
```
#### rahash2
```
```text
$ rahash2 -h
Usage: rahash2 [-rBhLkv] [-b S] [-a A] [-c H] [-E A] [-s S] [-f O] [-t O] [file] ...
-a algo comma separated list of algorithms (default is 'sha256')
@ -207,7 +224,7 @@ Usage: rahash2 [-rBhLkv] [-b S] [-a A] [-c H] [-E A] [-s S] [-f O] [-t O] [file]
```
#### radiff2
```
```text
$ radiff2 -h
Usage: radiff2 [-abcCdjrspOxuUvV] [-A[A]] [-g sym] [-t %] [file] [file]
-a [arch] specify architecture plugin to use (x86, arm, ..)
@ -240,7 +257,7 @@ Usage: radiff2 [-abcCdjrspOxuUvV] [-A[A]] [-g sym] [-t %] [file] [file]
```
#### rafind2
```
```text
$ rafind2 -h
Usage: rafind2 [-mXnzZhv] [-a align] [-b sz] [-f/t from/to] [-[m|s|S|e] str] [-x hex] file ..
-a [align] only accept aligned hits
@ -263,7 +280,7 @@ Usage: rafind2 [-mXnzZhv] [-a align] [-b sz] [-f/t from/to] [-[m|s|S|e] str] [-x
```
#### ragg2
```
```text
$ ragg2 -h
Usage: ragg2 [-FOLsrxhvz] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-k os] [-o file] [-I path]
[-i sc] [-e enc] [-B hex] [-c k=v] [-C file] [-p pad] [-q off]
@ -301,13 +318,13 @@ Usage: ragg2 [-FOLsrxhvz] [-a arch] [-b bits] [-k os] [-o file] [-I path]
```
#### rarun2
```
```text
$ rarun2 -h
Usage: rarun2 -v|-t|script.rr2 [directive ..]
```
#### rax2
```
```text
$ rax2 -h
Usage: rax2 [options] [expr ...]
=[base] ; rax2 =10 0x46 -> output in base 10
@ -351,7 +368,413 @@ Usage: rax2 [options] [expr ...]
```
## 交互式使用方法
当我们进入到 Radare2 的交互式界面后，就可以使用交互式命令进行操作。
输入 `?`　可以获得帮助信息，由于命令太多，我们只会重点介绍一些常用命令：
```text
[0x00000000]> ?
Usage: [.][times][cmd][~grep][@[@iter]addr!size][|>pipe] ; ...
Append '?' to any char command to get detailed help
Prefix with number to repeat command N times (f.ex: 3x)
|%var =valueAlias for 'env' command
| *[?] off[=[0x]value] Pointer read/write data/values (see ?v, wx, wv)
| (macro arg0 arg1) Manage scripting macros
| .[?] [-|(m)|f|!sh|cmd] Define macro or load r2, cparse or rlang file
| =[?] [cmd] Send/Listen for Remote Commands (rap://, http://, <fd>)
| /[?] Search for bytes, regexps, patterns, ..
| ![?] [cmd] Run given command as in system(3)
| #[?] !lang [..] Hashbang to run an rlang script
| a[?] Analysis commands
| b[?] Display or change the block size
| c[?] [arg] Compare block with given data
| C[?] Code metadata (comments, format, hints, ..)
| d[?] Debugger commands
| e[?] [a[=b]] List/get/set config evaluable vars
| f[?] [name][sz][at] Add flag at current address
| g[?] [arg] Generate shellcodes with r_egg
| i[?] [file] Get info about opened file from r_bin
| k[?] [sdb-query] Run sdb-query. see k? for help, 'k *', 'k **' ...
| L[?] [-] [plugin] list, unload load r2 plugins
| m[?] Mountpoints commands
| o[?] [file] ([offset]) Open file at optional address
| p[?] [len] Print current block with format and length
| P[?] Project management utilities
| q[?] [ret] Quit program with a return value
| r[?] [len] Resize file
| s[?] [addr] Seek to address (also for '0x', '0x1' == 's 0x1')
| S[?] Io section manipulation information
| t[?] Types, noreturn, signatures, C parser and more
| T[?] [-] [num|msg] Text log utility
| u[?] uname/undo seek/write
| V Enter visual mode (V! = panels, VV = fcngraph, VVV = callgraph)
| w[?] [str] Multiple write operations
| x[?] [len] Alias for 'px' (print hexadecimal)
| y[?] [len] [[[@]addr Yank/paste bytes from/to memory
| z[?] Zignatures management
| ?[??][expr] Help or evaluate math expression
| ?$? Show available '$' variables and aliases
| ?@? Misc help for '@' (seek), '~' (grep) (see ~??)
| ?:? List and manage core plugins
```
于是我们知道了 Radare2 交互命令的一般格式，如下所示：
```text
[.][times][cmd][~grep][@[@iter]addr!size][|>pipe] ; ...
```
- 在任意字符命令后面加上 `?`　可以获得关于该命令更多的细节。如 `a?`、`p?`、`!?`、`@?`。
- 当命令以数字开头时表示重复运行的次数。如 `3x`。
- `!` 单独使用可以显示命令使用历史记录。
- `;` 是命令分隔符，可以在一行上运行多个命令。如 `px 10; pd 20`。
- `..` 重复运行上一条命令，使用回车键也一样。
- 以 `!` 开头可以运行 shell 命令。用法：`!<cmd>`。
- `!ls`
- `|` 是管道符。用法：`<r2command> | <program|H|>`。
- `pd | less`
- `~` 用于文本比配（grep）。用法：`[command]~[modifier][word,word][endmodifier][[column]][:line]`。
- `i~:0` 显示 `i` 输出的第一行
- `pd~mov,eax` 反汇编并匹配 mov 或 eax 所在行
- `pi~mov&eax` 匹配 mov 和 eax 都有的行
- `i~0x400$` 匹配以 0x400 结尾的行
- `???` 可以获得以 `?` 开头的命令的细节
- `?p vaddr` 获得虚拟地址 vaddr 的物理地址
- `?P paddr` 获得物理地址 paddr 的虚拟地址
- `?v` 以十六进制的形式显示某数学表达式的结果。如 `?v eip-0x804800`。
- `?l str` 获得 str 的长度，结果被临时保存，使用 `?v` 可输出结果。
- `@@` foreach 迭代器，在列出的偏移处重复执行命令。
- `wx ff @@ 10 20 30` 在偏移 10、20、30 处写入 ff
- `?$?` 可以显示表达式所使用变量的帮助信息。用法：`?v [$.]`。
- `$$` 是当前所处的虚拟地址
- `$?` 是最后一个运算的值
- `$s` 文件大小
- `$b` 块大小
- `$l` 操作码长度
- `$j` 跳转地址。当 `$$` 处是一个类似 `jmp` 的指令时，`$j` 中保存着将要跳转到的地址
- `$f` 跳转失败地址。即当前跳转没有生效，`$f` 中保存下一条指令的地址
- `$m` 操作码内存引用。如：`mov eax,[0x10] => 0x10`
#### 分析（analyze）
```text
[0x00000000]> a?
|Usage: a[abdefFghoprxstc] [...]
| ab [hexpairs] analyze bytes
| abb [len] analyze N basic blocks in [len] (section.size by default)
| aa[?] analyze all (fcns + bbs) (aa0 to avoid sub renaming)
| ac [cycles] analyze which op could be executed in [cycles]
| ad[?] analyze data trampoline (wip)
| ad [from] [to] analyze data pointers to (from-to)
| ae[?] [expr] analyze opcode eval expression (see ao)
| af[?] analyze Functions
| aF same as above, but using anal.depth=1
| ag[?] [options] output Graphviz code
| ah[?] analysis hints (force opcode size, ...)
| ai [addr] address information (show perms, stack, heap, ...)
| ao[?] [len] analyze Opcodes (or emulate it)
| aO Analyze N instructions in M bytes
| ar[?] like 'dr' but for the esil vm. (registers)
| ap find prelude for current offset
| ax[?] manage refs/xrefs (see also afx?)
| as[?] [num] analyze syscall using dbg.reg
| at[?] [.] analyze execution traces
| av[?] [.] show vtables
```
```text
[0x00000000]> aa?
|Usage: aa[0*?] # see also 'af' and 'afna'
| aa alias for 'af@@ sym.*;af@entry0;afva'
| aa* analyze all flags starting with sym. (af @@ sym.*)
| aaa[?] autoname functions after aa (see afna)
| aab aab across io.sections.text
| aac [len] analyze function calls (af @@ `pi len~call[1]`)
| aad [len] analyze data references to code
| aae [len] ([addr]) analyze references with ESIL (optionally to address)
| aai[j] show info of all analysis parameters
| aar[?] [len] analyze len bytes of instructions for references
| aan autoname functions that either start with fcn.* or sym.func.*
| aas [len] analyze symbols (af @@= `isq~[0]`)
| aat [len] analyze all consecutive functions in section
| aaT [len] analyze code after trap-sleds
| aap find and analyze function preludes
| aav [sat] find values referencing a specific section or map
| aau [len] list mem areas (larger than len bytes) not covered by functions
```
#### Flags
```text
[0x00000000]> f?
|Usage: f [?] [flagname] # Manage offset-name flags
| f list flags (will only list flags from selected flagspaces)
| f?flagname check if flag exists or not, See ?? and ?!
| f. [*[*]] list local per-function flags (*) as r2 commands
| f.blah=$$+12 set local function label named 'blah'
| f* list flags in r commands
| f name 12 @ 33 set flag 'name' with length 12 at offset 33
| f name = 33 alias for 'f name @ 33' or 'f name 1 33'
| f name 12 33 [cmt] same as above + optional comment
| f-.blah@fcn.foo delete local label from function at current seek (also f.-)
| f-- delete all flags and flagspaces (deinit)
| f+name 12 @ 33 like above but creates new one if doesnt exist
| f-name remove flag 'name'
| f-@addr remove flag at address expression
| f. fname list all local labels for the given function
| f= [glob] list range bars graphics with flag offsets and sizes
| fa [name] [alias] alias a flag to evaluate an expression
| fb [addr] set base address for new flags
| fb [addr] [flag*] move flags matching 'flag' to relative addr
| fc[?][name] [color] set color for given flag
| fC [name] [cmt] set comment for given flag
| fd addr return flag+delta
| fe- resets the enumerator counter
| fe [name] create flag name.#num# enumerated flag. See fe?
| fi [size] | [from] [to] show flags in current block or range
| fg bring visual mode to foreground
| fj list flags in JSON format
| fl (@[flag]) [size] show or set flag length (size)
| fla [glob] automatically compute the size of all flags matching glob
| fm addr move flag at current offset to new address
| fn list flags displaying the real name (demangled)
| fo show fortunes
| fr [old] [[new]] rename flag (if no new flag current seek one is used)
| fR[?] [f] [t] [m] relocate all flags matching f&~m 'f'rom, 't'o, 'm'ask
| fs[?]+-* manage flagspaces
| fS[on] sort flags by offset or name
| fV[*-] [nkey] [offset] dump/restore visual marks (mK/'K)
| fx[d] show hexdump (or disasm) of flag:flagsize
| fz[?][name] add named flag zone -name to delete. see fz?[name]
```
#### 定位（seeking）
```text
[0x00000000]> s?
|Usage: s # Seek commands
| s Print current address
| s:pad Print current address with N padded zeros (defaults to 8)
| s addr Seek to address
| s- Undo seek
| s- n Seek n bytes backward
| s-- Seek blocksize bytes backward
| s+ Redo seek
| s+ n Seek n bytes forward
| s++ Seek blocksize bytes forward
| s[j*=!] List undo seek history (JSON, =list, *r2, !=names, s==)
| s/ DATA Search for next occurrence of 'DATA'
| s/x 9091 Search for next occurrence of \x90\x91
| s.hexoff Seek honoring a base from core->offset
| sa [[+-]a] [asz] Seek asz (or bsize) aligned to addr
| sb Seek aligned to bb start
| sC[?] string Seek to comment matching given string
| sf Seek to next function (f->addr+f->size)
| sf function Seek to address of specified function
| sg/sG Seek begin (sg) or end (sG) of section or file
| sl[?] [+-]line Seek to line
| sn/sp Seek to next/prev location, as specified by scr.nkey
| so [N] Seek to N next opcode(s)
| sr pc Seek to register
| ss Seek silently (without adding an entry to the seek history)
```
#### 信息（information）
```text
[0x00000000]> i?
|Usage: i Get info from opened file (see rabin2's manpage)
| Output mode:
| '*' Output in radare commands
| 'j' Output in json
| 'q' Simple quiet output
| Actions:
| i|ij Show info of current file (in JSON)
| iA List archs
| ia Show all info (imports, exports, sections..)
| ib Reload the current buffer for setting of the bin (use once only)
| ic List classes, methods and fields
| iC Show signature info (entitlements, ...)
| id[?] Debug information (source lines)
| iD lang sym demangle symbolname for given language
| ie Entrypoint
| iE Exports (global symbols)
| ih Headers (alias for iH)
| iHH Verbose Headers in raw text
| ii Imports
| iI Binary info
| ik [query] Key-value database from RBinObject
| il Libraries
| iL [plugin] List all RBin plugins loaded or plugin details
| im Show info about predefined memory allocation
| iM Show main address
| io [file] Load info from file (or last opened) use bin.baddr
| ir Relocs
| iR Resources
| is Symbols
| iS [entropy,sha1] Sections (choose which hash algorithm to use)
| iV Display file version info
| iz|izj Strings in data sections (in JSON/Base64)
| izz Search for Strings in the whole binary
| iZ Guess size of binary program
```
#### 打印（print） & 反汇编（disassembling）
```text
[0x00000000]> p?
|Usage: p[=68abcdDfiImrstuxz] [arg|len] [@addr]
| p=[?][bep] [blks] [len] [blk] show entropy/printable chars/chars bars
| p2 [len] 8x8 2bpp-tiles
| p3 [file] print stereogram (3D)
| p6[de] [len] base64 decode/encode
| p8[?][j] [len] 8bit hexpair list of bytes
| pa[edD] [arg] pa:assemble pa[dD]:disasm or pae: esil from hexpairs
| pA[n_ops] show n_ops address and type
| p[b|B|xb] [len] ([skip]) bindump N bits skipping M
| pb[?] [n] bitstream of N bits
| pB[?] [n] bitstream of N bytes
| pc[?][p] [len] output C (or python) format
| pC[d] [rows] print disassembly in columns (see hex.cols and pdi)
| pd[?] [sz] [a] [b] disassemble N opcodes (pd) or N bytes (pD)
| pf[?][.nam] [fmt] print formatted data (pf.name, pf.name $<expr>)
| ph[?][=|hash] ([len]) calculate hash for a block
| p[iI][df] [len] print N ops/bytes (f=func) (see pi? and pdi)
| pm[?] [magic] print libmagic data (see pm? and /m?)
| pr[?][glx] [len] print N raw bytes (in lines or hexblocks, 'g'unzip)
| p[kK] [len] print key in randomart (K is for mosaic)
| ps[?][pwz] [len] print pascal/wide/zero-terminated strings
| pt[?][dn] [len] print different timestamps
| pu[?][w] [len] print N url encoded bytes (w=wide)
| pv[?][jh] [mode] show variable/pointer/value in memory
| p-[?][jh] [mode] bar|json|histogram blocks (mode: e?search.in)
| px[?][owq] [len] hexdump of N bytes (o=octal, w=32bit, q=64bit)
| pz[?] [len] print zoom view (see pz? for help)
| pwd display current working directory
```
```text
[0x00000000]> pd?
|Usage: p[dD][ajbrfils] [sz] [arch] [bits] # Print Disassembly
| NOTE: len parameter can be negative
| NOTE: Pressing ENTER on empty command will repeat last pd command and also seek to end of disassembled range.
| pd N disassemble N instructions
| pd -N disassemble N instructions backward
| pD N disassemble N bytes
| pda disassemble all possible opcodes (byte per byte)
| pdb disassemble basic block
| pdc pseudo disassembler output in C-like syntax
| pdC show comments found in N instructions
| pdk disassemble all methods of a class
| pdj disassemble to json
| pdr recursive disassemble across the function graph
| pdf disassemble function
| pdi like 'pi', with offset and bytes
| pdl show instruction sizes
| pds[?] disassemble summary (strings, calls, jumps, refs) (see pdsf and pdfs)
| pdt disassemble the debugger traces (see atd)
```
#### 写入（write）
```text
[0x00000000]> w?
|Usage: w[x] [str] [<file] [<<EOF] [@addr]
| w[1248][+-][n] increment/decrement byte,word..
| w foobar write string 'foobar'
| w0 [len] write 'len' bytes with value 0x00
| w6[de] base64/hex write base64 [d]ecoded or [e]ncoded string
| wa[?] push ebp write opcode, separated by ';' (use '"' around the command)
| waf file assemble file and write bytes
| wao[?] op modify opcode (change conditional of jump. nop, etc)
| wA[?] r 0 alter/modify opcode at current seek (see wA?)
| wb 010203 fill current block with cyclic hexpairs
| wB[-]0xVALUE set or unset bits with given value
| wc list all write changes
| wc[?][ir*?] write cache undo/commit/reset/list (io.cache)
| wd [off] [n] duplicate N bytes from offset at current seek (memcpy) (see y?)
| we[?] [nNsxX] [arg] extend write operations (insert instead of replace)
| wf -|file write contents of file at current offset
| wh r2 whereis/which shell command
| wm f0ff set binary mask hexpair to be used as cyclic write mask
| wo[?] hex write in block with operation. 'wo?' fmi
| wp[?] -|file apply radare patch file. See wp? fmi
| wr 10 write 10 random bytes
| ws pstring write 1 byte for length and then the string
| wt[f][?] file [sz] write to file (from current seek, blocksize or sz bytes)
| wts host:port [sz] send data to remote host:port via tcp://
| ww foobar write wide string 'f\x00o\x00o\x00b\x00a\x00r\x00'
| wx[?][fs] 9090 write two intel nops (from wxfile or wxseek)
| wv[?] eip+34 write 32-64 bit value
| wz string write zero terminated string (like w + \x00)
```
#### 视图模式
输入 `V` 即可进入视图模式，按下 `p/P` 可在不同模式之间进行切换，按下 `?` 即可查看帮助，想退出时按下 `q`。
```text
Visual mode help:
? show this help
?? show the user-friendly hud
$ toggle asm.pseudo
% in cursor mode finds matching pair, otherwise toggle autoblocksz
@ redraw screen every 1s (multi-user view), in cursor set position
! enter into the visual panels mode
_ enter the flag/comment/functions/.. hud (same as VF_)
= set cmd.vprompt (top row)
| set cmd.cprompt (right column)
. seek to program counter
" toggle the column mode (uses pC..)
/ in cursor mode search in current block
:cmd run radare command
;[-]cmt add/remove comment
0 seek to beginning of current function
[1-9] follow jmp/call identified by shortcut (like ;[1])
,file add a link to the text file
/*+-[] change block size, [] = resize hex.cols
</> seek aligned to block size (seek cursor in cursor mode)
a/A (a)ssemble code, visual (A)ssembler
b toggle breakpoint
B enumerate and inspect classes
c/C toggle (c)ursor and (C)olors
d[f?] define function, data, code, ..
D enter visual diff mode (set diff.from/to)
e edit eval configuration variables
f/F set/unset or browse flags. f- to unset, F to browse, ..
gG go seek to begin and end of file (0-$s)
hjkl move around (or HJKL) (left-down-up-right)
i insert hex or string (in hexdump) use tab to toggle
mK/'K mark/go to Key (any key)
M walk the mounted filesystems
n/N seek next/prev function/flag/hit (scr.nkey)
o go/seek to given offset
O toggle asm.esil
p/P rotate print modes (hex, disasm, debug, words, buf)
q back to radare shell
r refresh screen / in cursor mode browse comments
R randomize color palette (ecr)
sS step / step over
t browse types
T enter textlog chat console (TT)
uU undo/redo seek
v visual function/vars code analysis menu
V (V)iew graph using cmd.graph (agv?)
wW seek cursor to next/prev word
xX show xrefs/refs of current function from/to data/code
yY copy and paste selection
z fold/unfold comments in disassembly
Z toggle zoom mode
Enter follow address of jump/call
Function Keys: (See 'e key.'), defaults to:
F2 toggle breakpoint
F4 run to cursor
F7 single step
F8 step over
F9 continue
```
## Web 界面使用
Radare2 的 GUI 尚在开发中，但有一个 Web 界面可以使用，如果刚开始你不习惯命令行操作，可以输入下面的命令：
```
$ r2 -c=H [filename]
```
默认地址为 `http://localhost:9090/`，这样你就可以在 Web 中进行操作了，但是我强烈建议你强迫自己使用命令行的操作方式。
## 在 CTF 中的运用
#### IOLI crackme
[Write-up](https://github.com/firmianay/Life-long-Learner/blob/master/binary-security/IOLI-crackme-Writeup.md)
## 更多资源
- [The radare2 book](https://www.gitbook.com/book/radare/radare2book)