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224 lines
6.7 KiB
Markdown
224 lines
6.7 KiB
Markdown
# 4.12 利用 __stack_chk_fail
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- [回顾 canary](#回顾-canary)
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- [libc 2.23](#libc-2.23)
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- [CTF 实例](#ctf-实例)
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- [libc 2.25](#libc-2.25)
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- [参考资料](#参考资料)
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## 回顾 canary
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在章节 4.4 中我们已经知道了有一种叫做 canary 的漏洞缓解机制，用来判断是否发生了栈溢出。
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这一节我们来看一下，在开启了 canary 的程序上，怎样利用 `__stack_chk_fail` 泄漏信息。
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一个例子：
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```c
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#include <stdio.h>
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void main(int argc, char **argv) {
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printf("argv[0]: %s\n", argv[0]);
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char buf[10];
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scanf("%s", buf);
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// argv[0] = "Hello World!";
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}
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```
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我们先注释掉最后一行：
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```text
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$ gcc chk_fail.c
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$ python -c 'print "A"*50' | ./a.out
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argv[0]: ./a.out
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*** stack smashing detected ***: ./a.out terminated
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Aborted (core dumped)
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```
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可以看到默认情况下 `argv[0]` 是指向程序路径及名称的指针，然后错误信息中打印出了这个字符串。
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然后解掉注释再来看一看：
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```text
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$ python -c 'print "A"*50' | ./a.out
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argv[0]: ./a.out
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*** stack smashing detected ***: Hello World! terminated
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Aborted (core dumped)
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```
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由于程序中我们修改 `argv[0]`，此时错误信息就打印出了 `Hello World!`。是不是很神奇。
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main 函数的反汇编结果如下：
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```text
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gef➤ disassemble main
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Dump of assembler code for function main:
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0x00000000004005f6 <+0>: push rbp
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0x00000000004005f7 <+1>: mov rbp,rsp
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=> 0x00000000004005fa <+4>: sub rsp,0x30
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0x00000000004005fe <+8>: mov DWORD PTR [rbp-0x24],edi
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0x0000000000400601 <+11>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x30],rsi
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0x0000000000400605 <+15>: mov rax,QWORD PTR fs:0x28
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0x000000000040060e <+24>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],rax
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0x0000000000400612 <+28>: xor eax,eax
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0x0000000000400614 <+30>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x30]
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0x0000000000400618 <+34>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rax]
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0x000000000040061b <+37>: mov rsi,rax
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0x000000000040061e <+40>: mov edi,0x4006f4
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0x0000000000400623 <+45>: mov eax,0x0
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0x0000000000400628 <+50>: call 0x4004c0 <printf@plt>
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0x000000000040062d <+55>: lea rax,[rbp-0x20]
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0x0000000000400631 <+59>: mov rsi,rax
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0x0000000000400634 <+62>: mov edi,0x400701
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0x0000000000400639 <+67>: mov eax,0x0
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0x000000000040063e <+72>: call 0x4004e0 <__isoc99_scanf@plt>
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0x0000000000400643 <+77>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x30]
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0x0000000000400647 <+81>: mov QWORD PTR [rax],0x400704
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0x000000000040064e <+88>: nop
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0x000000000040064f <+89>: mov rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8]
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0x0000000000400653 <+93>: xor rax,QWORD PTR fs:0x28 # 检查 canary 是否相同
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0x000000000040065c <+102>: je 0x400663 <main+109> # 相同
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0x000000000040065e <+104>: call 0x4004b0 <__stack_chk_fail@plt> # 不相同
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0x0000000000400663 <+109>: leave
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0x0000000000400664 <+110>: ret
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End of assembler dump.
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```
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所以当 canary 检查失败的时候，即产生栈溢出，覆盖掉了原来的 canary 的时候，函数不能正常返回，而是执行 `__stack_chk_fail()` 函数，打印出 `argv[0]` 指向的字符串。
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## libc 2.23
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Ubuntu 16.04 使用的是 libc-2.23，其 `__stack_chk_fail()` 函数如下：
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```c
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// debug/stack_chk_fail.c
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extern char **__libc_argv attribute_hidden;
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void
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__attribute__ ((noreturn))
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__stack_chk_fail (void)
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{
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__fortify_fail ("stack smashing detected");
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}
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```
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调用函数 `__fortify_fail()`：
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```c
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// debug/fortify_fail.c
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extern char **__libc_argv attribute_hidden;
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void
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__attribute__ ((noreturn)) internal_function
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__fortify_fail (const char *msg)
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{
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/* The loop is added only to keep gcc happy. */
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while (1)
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__libc_message (2, "*** %s ***: %s terminated\n",
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msg, __libc_argv[0] ?: "<unknown>");
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}
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libc_hidden_def (__fortify_fail)
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```
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`__fortify_fail()` 调用函数 `__libc_message()` 打印出错误信息和 `argv[0]`。
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还有一个错误信息输出到哪儿的问题，再看一下 `__libc_message()`：
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```c
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// sysdeps/posix/libc_fatal.c
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/* Abort with an error message. */
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void
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__libc_message (int do_abort, const char *fmt, ...)
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{
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va_list ap;
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int fd = -1;
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va_start (ap, fmt);
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#ifdef FATAL_PREPARE
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FATAL_PREPARE;
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#endif
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/* Open a descriptor for /dev/tty unless the user explicitly
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requests errors on standard error. */
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const char *on_2 = __libc_secure_getenv ("LIBC_FATAL_STDERR_");
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if (on_2 == NULL || *on_2 == '\0')
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fd = open_not_cancel_2 (_PATH_TTY, O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY | O_NDELAY);
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if (fd == -1)
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fd = STDERR_FILENO;
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```
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环境变量 `LIBC_FATAL_STDERR_` 通过函数 `__libc_secure_getenv` 来读取，如果该变量没有被设置或者为空，即 `\0` 或 `NULL`，错误信息 stderr 会被重定向到 `_PATH_TTY`，该值通常是 `/dev/tty`，因此会直接在当前终端打印出来，而不是传到 stderr。
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## CTF 实例
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CTF 中就有这样一种题目，需要我们把 `argv[0]` 覆盖为 flag 的地址，并利用 `__stack_chk_fail()` 把flag 给打印出来。
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实例可以查看章节 6.1.13 和 6.1.14。
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## libc 2.25
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最后我们来看一下 libc-2.25 里的 `__stack_chk_fail`：
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```c
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extern char **__libc_argv attribute_hidden;
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void
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__attribute__ ((noreturn))
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__stack_chk_fail (void)
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{
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__fortify_fail_abort (false, "stack smashing detected");
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}
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strong_alias (__stack_chk_fail, __stack_chk_fail_local)
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```
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它使用了新函数 `__fortify_fail_abort()`，这个函数是在 [BZ #12189](https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=commit;h=ed421fca42fd9b4cab7c66e77894b8dd7ca57ed0) 这次提交中新增的：
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```c
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extern char **__libc_argv attribute_hidden;
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void
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__attribute__ ((noreturn))
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__fortify_fail_abort (_Bool need_backtrace, const char *msg)
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{
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/* The loop is added only to keep gcc happy. Don't pass down
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__libc_argv[0] if we aren't doing backtrace since __libc_argv[0]
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may point to the corrupted stack. */
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while (1)
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__libc_message (need_backtrace ? (do_abort | do_backtrace) : do_abort,
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"*** %s ***: %s terminated\n",
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msg,
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(need_backtrace && __libc_argv[0] != NULL
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? __libc_argv[0] : "<unknown>"));
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}
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void
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__attribute__ ((noreturn))
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__fortify_fail (const char *msg)
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{
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__fortify_fail_abort (true, msg);
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}
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libc_hidden_def (__fortify_fail)
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libc_hidden_def (__fortify_fail_abort)
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```
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函数 `__fortify_fail_abort()` 在第一个参数为 `false` 时不再进行栈回溯，直接以打印出字符串 `<unknown>` 结束，也就没有办法输出 `argv[0]` 了。
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就像下面这样：
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```text
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$ python -c 'print("A"*50)' | ./a.out
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argv[0]: ./a.out
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*** stack smashing detected ***: <unknown> terminated
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Aborted (core dumped)
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```
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## 参考资料
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- [Adventure with Stack Smashing Protector (SSP)](http://site.pi3.com.pl/papers/ASSP.pdf)
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